Advanced Propulsion Systems and Technologies, Today to 2020 Book

Foreword     vii
Introduction   Antonio G. Accettura   Claudio Bruno     1
Propulsion Systems Overview     2
Mission Scenarios     5
Applicability Matrix     7
Tradeoff Analysis     9
Results     13
Conclusions and Lessons Learned     15
References     18
Advanced Solid Rocket Motors   Roberto De Amicis   Tanya Scalia   Antonio G. Accettura     19
Scenario     19
Market Needs/Projected Missions     22
System Analysis     23
Key Technologies and TRL     25
Expected Development and Verification Costs and Time Frame     38
Roadmaps     41
References     41
Bibliography     41
Advanced Cryogenic Engines   Oskar J. Haidn   Dirk Greuel   Ralf Stark   Ubaldo Staffilano   Francesco Betti   Alessandro Congiunti   Antonio G. Accettura   Claudio Bruno     43
Nomenclature     44
Introduction     44
General Concept     45
Engine Performance and Related Technologies     48
Technology Analysis     50
Conclusions on the Combustion-Chamber Technologies     59
Other Key Technologies for LREs: Cryotanks and Turbopumps     60
System Analysis for Liquid Rocket Engines     74
Conclusions at Engine Level     82
References     86
Advanced LOX-HC Engines for Boosters and Upper Stages   Antonio G. Accettura     91
Scenario     91
Market Needs and Projected Missions     92
System Analysis     92
Design and Operational Requirements     100
Key Technologies and TRL     103
Competence     103
Expected Development and Verification Costs and Time Frame     105
Conclusions and Recommendations     110
Roadmaps     112
References     114
Bibliography     114
LOX-Hydrocarbon Engines in Russia   G. P. Kalmykov   B. A. Palyonov   A. I. Bessonov   A. I. Pastuhov   S. S. Shulkova     117
Russian LOX-HC LRE for Launch Stages     117
Introduction     117
Review of Russian LOX/HC LRE for Launch Stages-Brief Description and Main Structural and Operational Requirements     118
Main LOX/LHC Problems and Ways of Solving Them     125
Evaluation of Engine Cycles     128
About the Cost Evaluation of Engines     129
Main Stages of Engine Development     130
Outlook for the Progress of Launch-Stage LRE     131
Conclusions     133
Acknowledgment     134
Russian LOX-HC LRE for Upper Stages     134
Introduction     134
Review of Russian Upper Stage LOX-HC LRE-Description, Main Design Criteria and Operational Requirements     135
Main Problems of LRE Development and Ways of Attacking Them     147
Evaluation of Engine Cycles     150
As to Estimated Cost of Engines     150
Main Stages of Engine Development     151
Perspectives for Upper-Stage LRE Development     152
Conclusions     152
Acknowledgment     153
References     153
Bibliography     154
Green Propellants   Antonio G. Accettura     155
Scenario     155
Market Needs and Projected Missions     156
Design and Operational Requirements     158
Key Technologies and TRL     159
Competencies     160
Expected Development and Verification Costs and Time Frame     160
Conclusions and Recommendations     160
Roadmaps     161
References     161
Bibliography     162
Green Propellants in Russia   B. A. Palyonov   A. I. Bessonov   A. I. Pastuhov   S. S. Shulkova   G. P. Kalmykov     163
Defining Ecologically Friendly ("Green") Propellants     163
Examples of Projects and Designs of Hydrogen-Peroxide LRE     168
Fields of Application of Green Propellants     170
Conclusions     170
References     170
Miniaturized Propulsion   Eugenio Giacomazzi   Claudio Bruno     173
Introduction     173
Choosing the Micropropulsion System     174
FMMR     176
Chemical Propulsion     178
Cold-Gas Thrusters     181
[alpha] Thrusters     183
FEEP     185
Technology Issues     189
Micropropulsion Scenario     190
Key R&D Areas and Conclusions     197
References     198
Solar Thermal Propulsion for Upper Stages   Martin Sippel   Jens Kauffmann     201
Nomenclature      201
Acronyms     201
Introduction     202
General Concept     203
Main Applications     206
System and Technology Analyses     210
Development Roadmap and Cost Estimation     215
Evaluations and Recommendations     221
References     222
Electric-Propulsion Systems   Paola Rossetti   Massimo Saverdi   Leonardo Biagioni     223
Introduction     223
High-Power Gridded Ion Thrusters     224
High-Power Hall-Effect Thrusters     237
High-Power Applied-Field MPD Thrusters     256
Double-Stage Hall Effect Thrusters     275
References     285
Bibliography     287
Superconductivity   Daniele Casali   Claudio Bruno     291
Introduction     291
Current Status of Technology     296
Superconducting Magnets and Their Applications     296
Enabling SC Technology: Cryocoolers     298
Superconductivity Applied to Electric Propulsion     300
Missions     303
Space Markets for SC-EP Systems     305
Technology Readiness Level     306
Roadmap for SC-EP     307
Summary and Conclusions     309
References     310
The Case for Nuclear Propulsion: the Rubbia's Engine   Antonio G. Accettura   Claudio Bruno   Alessio Del Rossi     313
Introduction     313
Market Needs and Projected Missions     316
System Analysis     317
Some Engineering Issues: Chamber Design     324
Key Technologies and TRL     326
Existing Know-How     328
Expected Development Costs and Possible Time Frame     328
Roadmap     329
Conclusions and Recommendations     330
References     331
Bibliography     332
VASIMR Prefeasibility Analysis   Alessandra Negrotti     333
Introduction     333
System Analysis     333
TRL and R&D Activities     346
Cost-Analysis Estimate and Development Plan     348
Conclusions     354
Acknowledgments     354
References     354
Laser Propulsion Systems   Hans-Albert Eckel   Wolfgang Schall     357
Introduction     357
General Concept      357
Application of Pulsed Laser Propulsion and Mission Requirements     365
Laser System Requirements     377
State of the Art     382
Possible Technology Development Plan     396
Summary and Recommendations     400
References     403
Mass Accelerators: Maglev and Railguns   C. Bruno     407
Introduction     407
Scenario     408
Missions and Markets     408
System Analysis     409
Technology Analysis     410
Future Perspectives     420
Summary and Conclusions     423
References     423
Bibliography     425
Solar Sails-Propellantless Propulsion for Near- and Medium-Term Deep-Space Missions   Wolfgang Seboldt   Bernd Dachwald     427
Nomenclature     427
Introduction     428
Basic Principles of Solar Sails     430
Ground-Based Demonstration of Solar-Sail Technology at DLR     433
Performance Parameters and Basic Requirements     435
Mission Proposals and Assessment     437
Technology Analysis and Roadmaps     446
Conclusion     448
Acknowledgments      449
References     449
In Situ Resource Utilization   Antonio G. Accettura     453
Introduction     453
Market Needs and Projected Missions     456
System Analysis     457
Design and Operational Requirements     458
Key Technologies and Processes Associated with ISRU     462
Development Cost and Time Frame     470
Roadmaps     474
Conclusions and Recommendations     476
References     478
Bibliography     479
Index     481
Supporting Materials     491