Fundamentals of Hybrid Rocket Combustion and Propulsion Book

Preface     vii
Overview and History of Hybrid Rocket Propulsion   David Altman   Allen Holzman     1
Introduction     1
Early History, 1933-1960     5
Typical Fuels and Oxidizers     7
Flight Programs     11
Fundamental Studies     14
Large-Scale Hybrids     19
High Regression Rates     23
Survey of University Work     28
Space Tourism     31
Highlights in Perspective     32
Conclusions     33
Review of Solid-Fuel Regression Rate Behavior in Classical and Nonclassical Hybrid Rocket Motors   Martin Chiaverini     37
Nomenclature     37
Introduction     39
Hybrid Motor Characteristics     40
Regression Rate Behavior of Classical Hybrids     49
Regression Rate Behavior in Nonclassical Hybrids     93
Summary     116
Solid-Fuel Pyrolysis Phenomena and Regression Rate, Part 1: Mechanisms   Guy Lengelle     127
Nomenclature     127
Introduction     128
Condensed-Phase Behavior     128
Ablation Rate     136
Ablation of Various Solid Fuels     150
Conclusion     163
Solid-Fuel Pyrolysis Phenomena and Regression Rate, Part 2: Measurement Techniques   Franck Cauty   Daniel Gramer     167
Nomenclature     167
Introduction     168
Ultrasound Measurement Method     169
Real-Time X-Ray Radiography     179
Microwave Technique     182
Plasma Capacitance Gauge     185
Resistance-Based Regression Measurement Technologies     188
Additional Regression Measurement Technologies     196
General Technique for Regression Data Reduction     197
Comparison of Nonintrusive Measurement Methods     200
Conclusions     203
Analytical Models for Hybrid Rockets   Joseph Majdalani     207
Nomenclature     207
Introduction     208
Basic Hybrid Model     212
General Headwall Injection     222
CFD Verification     237
Practicality and Significance     241
Summary     242
Vortex Injection Hybrid Rockets   Joseph Majdalani     247
Nomenclature     247
Introduction     248
Mathematical Model      250
Inviscid Solution     253
Flowfield Characteristics     260
Viscous Corrections     266
Summary     275
High-Speed Flow Effects in Hybrid Rockets   Joseph Majdalani     277
Nomenclature     277
Introduction     278
Mathematical Model     281
Axisymmetric Solution     285
Flowfield Characteristics     289
Solution for Slab Rocket     309
Summary     316
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Hybrid Rocket Flowfields   Venkateswaran Sankaran     323
Introduction     323
Physical and Computational Modeling     326
Computational Results     333
Summary     345
Combustion Instability and Transient Behavior in Hybrid Rocket Motors   Arif Karabeyoglu     351
Nomenclature     351
Introduction     353
Relevant Transient Events     353
Hybrid Rocket Instabilities     354
Subsystems of Hybrid Rocket Motors     367
Thermal Lags in the Solid     368
Transient Boundary-Layer Combustion     386
Gasdynamics     394
Thermal-Combustion-Gasdynamic (TCG) Coupled System     398
Application of the Theory to ILFIs     400
Conclusions     406
Metals, Energetic Additives, and Special Binders Used in Solid Fuels for Hybrid Rockets   G. A. Risha   B. J. Evans   E. Boyer   K. K. Kuo     413
Introduction     413
Metallized Polymeric and Nonpolymeric Solid Fuels     420
Gas Generator and Specialized Solid Fuels     447
Environmental Aspects     448
Summary and Conclusions     450
Hydrogen Peroxide, Hydroxyl Ammonium Nitrate, and Other Storable Oxidizers   Stephen Heister     457
Introduction     457
Propellant Performance Comparisons     459
Prior Work Using HP, HAN, and N[subscript 2]O Oxidizers     462
Recent HP/PE Experience     463
Consumable Ignition Device     468
HP/PE Test Results     469
HP/DCPD Experience     477
Conclusions     485
Similarity and Scaling Effects in Hybrid Rocket Motors   Alon Gany     489
Nomenclature     489
Introduction     490
Analysis     492
Model Discussion     497
Theoretical Model Predictions      499
Experimental Research and Validation of Theory     502
Conclusion     509
Large-Scale Hybrid Motor Testing   George Story     513
Nomenclature     513
Introduction     513
Background: Why Hybrids?     514
High-Energy Hybrid Space Engines     515
AMROC Experience     516
Hybrid Propulsion Demonstration Program 250,000-Pounds Force Hybrid Motor     523
Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne     545
Lockheed Martin/Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Falcon Testing     547
Lockheed Martin's Planned Fuel Expulsion     548
Conclusions     549
Flight Testing of Hybrid-Powered Vehicles   George Story   Joe Arves     553
Introduction     553
Background     553
Lockheed Martin HYSR Project     561
Fredericksburg Launches     569
Scaled Composites: SpaceShipOne     570
Recent Developments     573
Hybrid Strapon Concepts     579
Conclusions     587
Challenges of Hybrid Rocket Propulsion in the 21st Century   Kenneth K. Kuo   Martin Chiaverini     593
Nomenclature      593
Introduction     594
Major Challenges in Hybrid Rocket Propulsion     606
Future Applications of Hybrid-Propulsion Systems     632
Summary and Conclusions     632
Recommendations for Future Research and Development     633
Index     639
Supporting Materials     649