Media and Culture with 2013 Update: An Introduction to Mass Communication Book

PART 1: MASS MEDIA AND THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE  Chapter 1: Mass Communication: A Critical Approach  CULTURE AND THE EVOLUTION OF MASS COMMUNICATION Oral and Written Eras in Communication The Print Revolution The Electronic and Digital Eras      The Electronic Age      The Digital Age Media Convergence in the Digital Era      The Dual Roles of Media Convergence      Media Businesses in a Converged World  MASS MEDIA AND THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION The Evolution of a New Mass Medium The Linear Model of Mass Communication A Cultural Model for Understanding Mass Communication Stories: The Foundation of Media The Power of Media in Everyday Life  SURVEYING THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE Culture as a Skyscraper      An Inability to Appreciate Fine Art      Exploiting High Culture      A Throw-Away Ethic      A Diminished Audience for High Culture      Corrupting Political Discourse and Blocking Social Change Culture as a Matrix      The Comfort of Familiar Stories      Innovation and the Attraction of "What's New"     A Wide Range of Messages      Challenging the Nostalgia for a Better Past Cultural Values of the Modern Period      Working Efficiently      Celebrating the Individual      Believing in a Rational Order      Rejecting Tradition/Embracing Progress Shifting Values in Postmodern Culture      Celebrating Populism      Recycling Culture      Questioning Science and Revering Nostalgia      Acknowledging Paradox  CRITIQUING MEDIA AND CULTURE Media Literacy and the Critical Process Benefits of a Critical Perspective  Chapter 2: The Internet, Digital Media, and Media Convergence  THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET The Birth of the Internet The Net Widens Web 1.0: The World Begins to Browse The Commercial Structure of the Web      Internet Service Providers      Web Browsing      E-mail      Directories and Search Engines Web 2.0      Social Media      Instant Messaging and Texting      Blogs      Wiki Web Sites  THE INTERNET TODAY: FROM MEDIA CONVERGENCE TO WEB 3.0 Media Convergence      Media Converges on our PCs      Smartphones and Touchscreen Technology Web 3.0 The Next Era: Faster and Wider Access  VIDEO GAMES AND INTERACTIVE ENVIRONMENTS Online Gaming      MMORPGs and Virtual Worlds      Consoles, Handheld Devices and Convergence The Economics and Effects of Gaming The Future of Gaming Technology  THE ECONOMICS AND ISSUES OF THE INTERNET Ownership: Dividing up the Web      Google      Microsoft      Yahoo!      Facebook Targeted Advertising and Data Mining Security: The Challenge to Keep Personal Information Private      Government Surveillance      Online Fraud Appropriateness: What Should Be Online? Access: The Fight to Prevent a Digital Divide Alternative Voices      Open-Source Software      Digital Archiving  THE INTERNET AND DEMOCRACY  PART 2: SOUND AND IMAGES  Chapter 3: Sound Recording and Popular Music  THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOUND RECORDING From Cylinders to Disks: Sound Recording Becomes a Mass Medium Sound Recording and Popular Music From Phonographs to CDs: Analog Goes Digital Convergence: Sound Recording in the Internet Age      MP3s and File Sharing      The Future: Music in the Stream, Music in the Cloud The Rocky Relationship between Records and Radio U.S. POPULAR MUSIC AND THE FORMATION OF ROCK The Rise of Pop Music Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay      Blues and R&B: The Foundation of Rock and Roll      Youth Culture Cements Rock and RollÕs Place      Racial Integration Expands Rock and Roll Rock Muddies the Waters      High and Low Culture      Masculinity and Femininity      The Country and the City      The North and the South      The Sacred and the Secular Battles in Rock and Roll      White Cover Music Undermines Black Artists      Payola Scandals Tarnish Rock and Roll      Fears of Corruption Lead to Censorship  A CHANGING INDUSTRY: REFORMATIONS IN POPULAR MUSIC The British Are Coming! Motor City Music: Detroit Gives America Soul Folk and Psychedelic Music Reflect the Times Folk Inspires Protest      Rock Turns Psychedelic Punk, Grunge, and Alternative Respond to Mainstream Rock      Punk Revives RockÕs Rebelliousness      Grunge and Alternative Reinterpret Rock Hip-Hop Redraws Musical Lines The Reemergence of Pop  THE BUSINESS OF SOUND RECORDING Music Labels Influence the Industry      Fewer Major Labels Control More Music      The Indies Spot the Trends Making, Selling, and Profiting from Music      Making the Music      Selling the Music      Dividing the Profits Alternative Voices      Independent Record Labels      The Internet and Promoting Music  SOUND RECORDING, FREE EXPRESSION, AND DEMOCRACY  Chapter 4: Popular Radio and the Origins of Broadcasting  EARLY TECHNOLOGY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF RADIO Maxwell and Hertz Discover Radio Waves Marconi and the Inventors of Wireless Telegraphy Wireless Telephony: De Forest and Fessenden Regulating a New Medium      Radio Waves as a Natural Resource      The Impact of World War I      The Formation of RCA  THE EVOLUTION OF RADIO The RCA Partnership Unravels Sarnoff and NBC: Building the "Blue" and "Red" Networks Government Scrutiny Ends RCA-NBC Monopoly CBS and Paley: Challenging NBC Bringing Order to Chaos with the Radio Act of 1927 The Golden Age of Radio      Early Radio Programming      Radio Programming as a Cultural Mirror      The Authority of Radio RADIO REINVENTS ITSELF Transistors Make Radio Portable The FM Revolution and Edwin Armstrong The Rise of Format and Top 40 Radio Resisting the Top 40  THE SOUNDS OF COMMERCIAL RADIO Format Specialization      News, Talk, and Information Radio      Music Formats Nonprofit Radio and NPR      The Early Years of Nonprofit Radio      Creation of the First Noncommercial Networks New Radio Technologies Offer More Stations      Satellite Radio      HD Radio Radio and Convergence      Internet Radio      Podcasting and Portable Listening  THE ECONOMICS OF BROADCAST RADIO Local and National Advertising Manipulating Playlists with Payola Radio Ownership: From Diversity to Consolidation Alternative Voices  RADIO AND THE DEMOCRACY OF THE AIRWAVES  Chapter 5: Television & Cable: The Power of Visual Culture  THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF TELEVISION Early Innovations in TV Technology     Electronic Technology: Zworykin and Farnsworth     Setting Technical Standards      Assigning Frequencies and Freezing TV Licenses     The Introduction of Color TelevisionControlling Content — TV Grows Up     Program Format Changes Inhibit Sponsorship     The Rise and Fall of Quiz-Shows      The Quiz-Show Scandal Hurts the Promise of TV THE DEVELOPMENT OF CABLE CATV—Community Antenna Television The Wires and Satellites behind Cable Television Cable Threatens Broadcasting Cable Services      Basic Cable Services      Premium Cable Services DBS: Cable without Wires  MAJOR PROGRAMMING TRENDSTV Entertainment: Our Comic Culture     Sketch Comedy      Situation Comedy      Domestic ComedyTV Entertainment: Our Dramatic Culture      Anthology Drama      Episodic SeriesTV Information: Our Daily News Culture     NBC News     CBS News     ABC NewsCable News Changes the Game Reality TV and Other Enduring Trends Public Television Struggles to Find its Place REGULATORY CHALLENGES TO TELEVISION AND CABLE Government Regulations Temporarily Restrict Network ControlBalancing Cable’s Growth against Broadcasters’ Interests      Must-Carry Rules      Access-Channel Mandates      Cable’s Role: Electronic Publisher or Common Carrier? Franchising Frenzy The Telecommunications Act of 1996  TECHNOLOGY AND THIRD SCREENS CHANGE VIEWING HABITS Home VideoConvergence: TV and the Internet—the Third Screen Fourth Screens? Smart Phones and Mobile Video  THE ECONOMICS AND OWNERSHIP OF TELEVISION AND CABLEProductionDistributionSyndication Keeps Shows Going and Going . . .     Types of Syndication     Barter vs. Cash DealsMeasuring Television Viewing     Calculating Ratings and Shares     Impact of Ratings and Shares on Programming      Assessing Today's MarketsThe Major Programming Corporations      The Major Broadcast Networks      Major Cable and DBS Companies      The Effects of Consolidation Alternative Voices  TELEVISION, CABLE, AND DEMOCRACY  Chapter 6: Movies and the Impact of Images  EARLY TECHNOLOGY AND THE EVOLUTION OF MOVIES The Development of Film      Muybridge and Goodwin Make Pictures Move      Edison and the Lumires Create Motion Pictures The Introduction of Narrative The Arrival of Nickelodeons  THE RISE OF THE HOLLYWOOD STUDIO SYSTEM Production Distribution Exhibition  THE STUDIO SYSTEM’S GOLDEN AGE Hollywood Narrative and the Silent Era The Introduction of Sound The Development of the Hollywood Style      Hollywood Narratives      Hollywood Genres      Hollywood "Authors"Outside the Hollywood System      Global Cinema      The Documentary Tradition      The Rise of Independent Films  THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE STUDIO SYSTEM The Hollywood Ten The Paramount Decision Moving to the Suburbs Television Changes Hollywood Hollywood Adapts to Home Entertainment  THE ECONOMICS OF THE MOVIE BUSINESS Production, Distribution, and Exhibition Today      Making Money on Movies Today      Theater Chains Consolidate Exhibition The Major Studio Players Convergence: Movies Adjust to the Internet Age Alternative Voices  POPULAR MOVIES AND DEMOCRACY  PART 3: WORDS ANF PICTURES  Chapter 7: Newspapers: The Rise and Decline of Modern Journalism  THE EVOLUTION OF AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS Colonial Newspapers and the Partisan Press The Penny Press Era: Newspapers Become Mass Media      Day and the New York Sun      Bennett and the New York Morning Herald      Changing Economics and the Founding of the Associated Press The Age of Yellow Journalism: Sensationalism and Investigation      Pulitzer and the New York World      Hearst and the New York Journal  COMPETING MODELS OF MODERN PRINT JOURNALISM "Objectivity" in Modern Journalism      Ochs and the New York Times      "Just the Facts, Please"Interpretive Journalism      The Promise of Interpretive Journalism      Broadcast News Embraces Interpretive Journalism Literary Forms of Journalism      Journalism as an Art Form      The Attack on Journalistic Objectivity Contemporary Journalism in the TV and Internet Age      USA Today Colors the Print Landscape      Online Journalism Redefines News  THE BUSINESS AND OWNERSHIP OF NEWSPAPERS Consensus vs. Conflict: Newspapers Play Different Roles Newspapers Target Specific Readers      African American Newspapers      Spanish-Language Newspapers      Asian American Newspapers      Native American Newspapers      The Underground Press Newspaper Operations      News and Editorial Responsibilities      Wire Services and Feature Syndication Newspaper Ownership: Chains Lose Their Grip Joint Operating Agreements Combat Declining Competition  CHALLENGES FACING NEWSPAPERS TODAY Readership Declines in the United States Going Local: How Small and Campus Papers Retain Readers Convergence: Newspapers Struggle in the Move to Digital Blogs Challenge Newspapers' Authority Online New Models for Journalism Alternative Voices  NEWSPAPERS AND DEMOCRACY  Chapter 8: Magazines in the Age of Specialization  THE EARLY HISTORY OF MAGAZINES The First Magazines Magazines in Colonial America U.S. Magazines in the Nineteenth Century National, Women’s and Illustrated Magazines  THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN AMERICAN MAGAZINES Social Reform and Muckrakers The Rise of General-Interest Magazines      Saturday Evening Post      Reader’s Digest      Time      Life The Fall of General-Interest Magazines      TV Guide Is Born      Saturday Evening Post, Life and Look Expire      People Puts Life Back into Magazines Convergence: Magazines Confront the Digital Age      Magazines Move Online      Paperless: Magazines Embrace Digital Content  THE DOMINATION OF SPECIALIZATION Men’s and Women’s Magazines Sports, Entertainment, and Leisure Magazines Magazines for the Ages Elite Magazines Minority Targeted Magazines Supermarket Tabloids  THE ORGANIZATION AND ECONOMICS OF MAGAZINES Magazine Departments and Duties      Editorial and Production      Advertising and Sales      Circulation and Distribution Major Magazine Chains Alternative Voices  MAGAZINES IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY  Chapter 9: Books and the Power of Print  THE HISTORY OF BOOKS FROM PAPYRUS TO PAPERBACKS The Development of Manuscript Culture The Innovations of Block-Printing and Movable Type The Gutenberg Revolution: The Invention of the Printing Press The Birth of Publishing in the United States  MODERN PUBLISHING AND THE BOOK INDUSTRY The Formation of Publishing Houses Types of Books      Trade Books      Professional Books      Textbooks      Mass Market Paperbacks      Religious Books      Reference Books      University Press Books  TRENDS AND ISSUES IN BOOK PUBLISHING Influences of Television and Film Audio Books Convergence: Books in the Digital Age      Print Books Move Online      The Future of E-books Preserving and Digitizing Books Censorship and Banned Books  THE ORGANIZATION AND OWNERSHIP OF THE BOOK INDUSTRY Ownership Patterns The Structure of Book Publishing Selling Books, Stores, Clubs, and Mail Order      Bookstores      Online Bookstores      Book Clubs and Mail Order      Alternative Voices  BOOKS AND THE FUTURE OF DEMOCRACY   PART 4: THE BUSINESS OF MASS MEDIA  Chapter 10: Advertising and Commercial Culture  EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN AMERICAN ADVERTISING The First Advertising Agencies Advertising in the 1800s      Trademarks and Packaging      Patent Medicines and Department Stores      Advertising’s Impact on Newspapers Promoting Social Change and Dictating Values      Appealing to Female Consumers      Dealing with Criticism Early Ad Regulation  THE SHAPE OF U.S. ADVERTISING TODAY The Influence of Visual Design Types of Advertising Agencies      Mega-Agencies      Boutique Agencies The Structure of Ad Agencies      Account Planning, Market Research, and VALS      Creative Development      Media Coordination: Planning and Placing Advertising      Account and Client Management Trends in Online Advertising      Online Advertising Challenges Traditional Media      Online Marketers Target Individuals      Advertising Invades Social Media  PERSUASIVE TECHNIQUES IN CONTEMPORARY ADVERTISING Conventional Persuasive Strategies The Association Principle       Disassociation as an Advertising Strategy Advertising as Myth Product Placement  COMMERCIAL SPEECH AND REGULATING ADVERTISING Critical Issues in Advertising      Children and Advertising      Advertising in Schools      Health and Advertising Watching Over Advertising      Excessive Commercialism      The FTC Takes on Puffery and Deception Alternative Voices  ADVERTISING, POLITICS, AND DEMOCRACY Advertising’s Role in Politics The Future of Advertising   Chapter 11: Public Relations and Framing Message  EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN PUBLIC RELATIONS P.T. Barnum and Buffalo Bill Big Business and Press Agents The Birth of Modern Public Relations      Ivy Ledbetter Lee      Edward Bernays  THE PRACTICE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS Approaches to Organized Public Relations Performing Public Relations      Research: Formulating the Message      Conveying the Message      Media Relations      Special Events and Pseudo-Events      Community and Consumer Relations      Government Relations and Lobbying Public Relations Adapts to the Internet Age Public Relations during a Crisis  TENSIONS BETWEEN PUBLIC RELATIONS AND THE PRESS Elements of Professional Friction      Undermining Facts and Blocking Access      Promoting Publicity and Business as News Shaping the Image of Public Relations Alternative Voices  PUBLIC RELATIONS AND DEMOCRACY  Chapter 12: Media Economics and the Global Marketplace  ANALYZING THE MEDIA ECONOMYThe Structure of the Media Industry The Performance of Media Organizations      Collecting Revenue      Commercial Strategies and Social Expectations The Internet Changes the Game  THE TRANSITION TO AN INFORMATION ECONOMYDeregulation Trumps Regulation      The Escalation of Deregulation      Deregulations Continues Today Media Powerhouses: Consolidation, Partnerships, and Mergers Business Tendencies in Media Industries      Flexible Markets and the Decline of Labor Unions      Downsizing and the Wage Gap Economics, Hegemony, and Storytelling  Specialization and Global Markets The Rise of Specialization and Synergy      Minority and Female Media Ownership: Why Does it Matter? [Case Study]Disney: A Postmodern Media Conglomerate      The Early Years      The Company Diversifies      Global Expansion      Corporate Shake-Ups and Disney Today Global Audiences Expand Media Markets  SOCIAL ISSUES IN MEDIA ECONOMICS     Cultural Imperialism and Movies [Media Literacy Box]     From fifty to a Few: The Most Dominant Media Corporations [Case Study]The Limits of Antitrust Laws      Diversification     Local Monopolies The Fallout from a Free Market      Equating Free Markets with Democracy      Consumer Choice versus Consumer Control Cultural Imperialism  THE MEDIA MARKETPLACE AND DEMOCRACYThe Effects of Media Consolidation on Democracy The Media Reform Movement  PART 5: DEMOCRATIC EXPRESSION AND THE MASS MEDIA  Chapter 13: The Culture of Journalism: Values, Ethics, and Democracy  MODERN JOURNALISM IN THE INFORMATION AGE What Is News?      Characteristics of News Values in American Journalism      Neutrality Boosts CredibilityÉand Sales      Other Cultural Values in Journalism      Facts, Values, and Bias  ETHICS AND THE NEWS MEDIA Ethical Predicaments      Deploying Deception      Invading Privacy      Conflict of Interest      Resolving Ethical Problems      Aristotle, Kent, Bentham, and Mill      Developing Ethical Policy  REPORTING RITUALS AND THE LEGACY OF PRINT JOURNALISM Focusing on the Present      Getting a Good Story      Getting a Story First Relying on Experts Balancing Story Conflict Acting as Adversaries  JOURNALISM IN THE AGE OF TV AND THE INTERNET Differences between Print and TV News      Sound Bitten      Pretty-Face and Happy-Talk Culture Pundits, "Talking Heads," and Politics Convergence Enhances and Changes Journalism The Power of Visual Language  ALTERNATIVE MODELS: PUBLIC JOURNALISM AND "FAKE" NEWS The Public Journalism Movement      An Early Public Journalism Project      Criticizing Public Journalism "Fake" News and Satiric Journalism  DEMOCRACY AND REIMAGINING JOURNALISM’S ROLE Social ResponsibilityDeliberative Democracy   Chapter 14: Media Effects and Cultural Approaches to Research  EARLY MEDIA RESEARCH METHODS Propaganda Analysis Public Opinion Research Social Psychology Studies Marketing Research  RESEARCH ON MEDIA EFFECTS Early Theories of Media Effects      The Hypodermic-Needle Model      The Minimal-Effects Model      The Uses and Gratifications Model Conducting Media Effects Research      Experiments      Survey Research      Content Analysis Contemporary Media Effects Theories      Social Learning Theory      Agenda-Setting      The Cultivation Effect      Spiral of Silence      Evaluating Research on Media Effects  CULTURAL APPROACHES TO MEDIA RESEARCH Early Developments in Cultural Studies Research Conducting Cultural Studies Research      Textual Analysis      Audience Studies      Political Economy Studies Cultural Studies’ Theoretical Perspectives      The Public Sphere      Communication as Culture Evaluating Cultural Studies Research  MEDIA RESEARCH AND DEMOCRACY  Chapter 15: Legal Controls and Freedom of Expression THE ORIGINS OF FREE EXPRESSION AND A FREE PRESS Models of Expression The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution Censorship as Prior Restraint      The Pentagon Papers Case      The Progressive Magazine Case Unprotected Forms of Expression      Seditious Expression      Copyright Infringement      Libel      Defenses against Libel Charges      Obscenity      The Right to Privacy The First Amendment versus Sixth Amendment      Gag Orders and Shield Laws      Cameras in the Courtroom  FILM AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT Social and Political Pressures on the M