Years of Upheaval Book

CONTENTS

List of Maps

Foreword

1. A Ford, Not a Lincoln

The Changing of the Guard

The New President

The Domestic Crisis

Ford and Congress

Ford and the National Interest

Part One: THE NIXON LEGACY

2. The Man and the Organization

At the Edge of Greatness

The President and His Adviser

Nixon and the Establishment

Nixon the Person

The Taping System

The Operation of the Nixon White House

The National Security Council System

Epilogue

3. Controversy over Détente

What Was Détente?

The Attack on Nixon's Foreign Policy: The Liberal Challenge

The Conservative Critique

Senator Henry Jackson and Détente: Strategy and Arms Control

4. Jackson, Arms Control, and Jewish Emigration

Arms Control

Jewish Emigration from the Soviet Union

5. China and Its Leaders

Two Styles of Diplomacy

Mao Zedong

Zhou Enlai

Deng Xiaoping

Part Two: FORD AT THE HELM

6. The New Presidency

The Transition

The Ford Team

Ford and His Secretary of State

7. Cyprus, a Case Study in Ethnic Conflict

The Nature of Ethnic Conflicts

Makarios: The Wily Archbishop

Greek-Turkish Minuets

Cyprus Erupts

The Turkish Invasion

The Second Turkish Intervention

Congress and Cyprus

Conclusion

Part Three: EAST-WEST RELATIONS

8. Ford Inherits the Debate over Détente

Hearings on Détente

The Debate on Arms Control Resumes

Jewish Emigration from the Soviet Union

9. A Visit with Brezhnev

Brezhnev and the Kremlin Leaders

The Kremlin's Perspective on Détente

In the Politburo Chambers

A Step Toward a Breakthrough

Nuclear Condominium

10. Vladivostok and the Crisis in American-Soviet Relations

Arrival in Vladivostok

First Plenary Meeting

The Aftermath of Vladivostok: Détente Under Stress

Jewish Emigration and the Collapse of the Trade Bill

Final Note

11. The Intelligence Investigations

Prelude to the Investigations

Ford Charts a Course

The Rockefeller Commission

The Church Committee

The Pike Committee

Was There an Intelligence Scandal and What Was the Outcome?

Part Four: BREAKTHROUGH IN THE MIDDLE EAST

12. Ford and Middle East Diplomacy

The Cauldron

Forging a New Strategy

The Jordanian Option

The Egyptian Option

Hussein and the Peace Process

Two More Arab Visitors: Syria and Saudi Arabia

Rabin Visits Ford

The Rabat Decision

13. One Shuttle Too Many

Post-Rabat Blues

The Exploratory Shuttle

The Shuttle That Failed

14. Sinai II and the Road to Peace

"Reassessment"

The Resumption of Step-by-Step Policy

Ford and Sadat

Ford and Rabin: Another Encounter

Forging a New Initiative

Another Shuttle

The Leaders and the Outcome

Part Five: COLLAPSE IN INDOCHINA, TRAGEDY OF THE KURDS

15. Indochina Tragedy — The Beginning of the End

The Strangulation of Vietnam

Ford and Vietnam

Hanoi's Buildup

Hanoi Resumes the Offensive

The End of the Road

16. The Collapse of Cambodia

The Myth of the Failure to Negotiate on Cambodia

The Final Collapse

17. The End of Vietnam

The Debate over Evacuation

The Search for a Political Solution

The Evacuation

The Last Day

18. Anatomy of a Crisis: The Mayaguez

How to Liberate a Ship

The Freeing of the Mayaguez

Postmortems

19. Tragedy of the Kurds

Origins of the Program

Internal Controversies

The End of Kurdish Autonomy

The Collapse of Kurdish Resistance

Part Six: THE ATLANTIC RELATIONSHIP

20. The Restoration of Western Unity

Harold Wilson and James Callaghan: The Operation of the Special Relationship

Helmut Schmidt and Hans-Dietrich Genscher: Alliance and Unification

Valéry Giscard d'Estaing — France: Ally or Gadfly?

Eurocommunism and the Atlantic Alliance

21. The European Security Conference

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Prelude to Helsinki

Helsinki

Aftermath

22. The Energy Crisis

An Emerging Strategy

A Long-Term Strategy

The Implementation of the Energy Program

Consumer Solidarity: Meeting with Giscard at Martinique

Separate Oil Deals

The Rambouillet Summit

The Consumer/Producer Dialogue

Part Seven: LATIN AMERICA

23. Panama, Mexico, and the "New Dialogue"

Nixon and the "Mature Partnership"

Panama Canal Negotiations: First Phase

Mexico and the New Dialogue

The Conference of Tlatelolco

The End of the New Dialogue

24. Brazil, Chile, and Western Hemisphere Unity

First Visit to Latin America: Venezuela, Peru, Colombia, and Brazil

Chile, Human Rights, and the Organization of American States

Panama

Conclusion

25. Cuban Interlude

The Dialogue

Sources of Cuban Conduct

Part Eight: RELATIONS WITH THE COMMUNIST WORLD

26. Civil War in Angola

Gathering Storm Clouds

The Beginning of the Involvement

Angola Strategy Discussions: The African Bureau

The Angolan Strategy

The Diplomatic Framework

The Tunney and Clark Amendments

27. Last Visit to Moscow

The Halloween Massacre

The New Team in Action

The End of East-West Negotiations

The Doctrine That Never Was: Sonnenfeldt and Eastern Europe

28. Preserving the Sino-American Relationship

A Visit to Beijing

Dialogue with Deng and Mao

Conversation with Mao

Ford and Mao: The 1975 Summit

Domestic Distractions

Part Nine: SOUTHERN AFRICA

29. An African Strategy

The Challenge

The World Looks at Angola

Shaping of an Angolan Strategy

Components of a Strategy

African Policy and the Domestic Consensus

30. First Visit to Africa

Anthony Crosland and the Role of Britain

Jomo Kenyatta: The Extinct Volcano

Julius Nyerere and Tanzania: The Ambivalent Intellectual

Kenneth Kaunda: The Closet Moderate

Mobutu: The Controversial Ally

Liberia: History Without a Point

Leopold Senghor: The Philosopher-King

Nairobi: Meeting with Front-Line Ministers

Return to Washington

31. Toward Majority Rule in Southern Africa

South Africa and the United States

Meeting South Africa's Prime Minister

Great Britain and the Front-Line States

Another Sortie to Africa

African Complexities

A Political Program for Rhodesia

32. Breakthrough to Majority Rule

Second Meeting with Vorster

Another Round with Nyerere and Kaunda

Another Visit to Lusaka

Breakthrough with Vorster and Smith

Reaction of Kaunda and Nyerere

Blow-up with London

Return to Washington

Part Ten: END OF THE FORD PRESIDENCY

33. Civil War in Lebanon and Middle East Peace

The Lebanon Crisis Unfolds

Back to the Peace Process

Sadat and Rabin Visit Washington

Syrian Intervention in Lebanon

Return to the Peace Process

34. Reflections

The End of the Ford Administration

Morality and Pragmatism

A Personal Note

Notes

Index