Criminal Investigation Book

	Preface	xi
1	Introduction to Criminal Investigation	1
	Perspective	1
	Fundamentals of Forensic Science	1
	Criminal Investigation and the Scientific Method	4
	Importance of Forensic Evidence	6
	Medical Contributions	7
	Objectives of an Investigation	11
	Investigator's Role	12
	Selecting Investigators	13
	The Legal Team	13
	Admissibility of Evidence	16
	Chapter Resources	18
2	A Brief History of Criminal Investigation	21
	Early History	21
	Law Enforcement Developments in London and New York City	22
	The Birth of Scientific Investigation	24
	Scientific Investigation in the United States	24
	The Growth of Forensic Science	25
	Chapter Resources	30
3	The Crime Scene	33
	First Response	34
	Note Taking	37
	The Walk-Through	41
	Recording the Crime Scene	41
	Dry-Land Crime Scene Searches	50
	Underwater Crime Scene Searches	55
	Mass Disasters	64
	Chapter Resources	71
4	The Law of Search and Seizure	75
	The U.S. Constitution and Due Process	75
	The Exclusionary Rule	79
	Search Warrants	82
	Warrantless Searches Based on Probable Cause	84
	Warrantless Searches Based on Reasonableness	86
	Chapter Resources	97
5	Blood Evidence	101
	Bloodstain Interpretation	102
	Bloodstain Mechanics	102
	Testing Blood Evidence	105
	Handling Blood Evidence	108
	Chapter Resources	111
6	Suspect Identification	115
	Biometric Identification	115
	Fingerprints	116
	DNA Typing	125
	Composite Identifications	134
	Lineups	136
	Chapter Resources	139
7	Managing Criminal Investigations and Cultivating Sources of Information	143
	Managing the Criminal Investigation	143
	Sources of Information	148
	Chapter Resources	174
8	Interrogation	179
	Successful Interrogations	184
	The Reid Technique	186
	Written Statements and Confessions	189
	Chapter Resources	192
9	Firearms Investigation	195
	Physical Evidence	195
	Ballistics and Firearms Identification	196
	Types of Firearms	198
	The Firing Mechanism	203
	Ammunition	203
	Firearms and Forensics	208
	Legal Aspects	213
	Submerged Firearms	216
	Physical Evidence Predicates	219
	Chapter Resources	221
10	Death Investigation	225
	Who Kills?	226
	Homicide Investigations	226
	The Staged Crime Scene	229
	Recovering Human Remains	232
	The Autopsy	236
	Identifying the Deceased	237
	Window-of-Death Determinations	238
	Forensic Entomology	242
	Gunshot Wounds	246
	Sharp-Force Deaths	252
	Chapter Resources	256
11	Assault	259
	Aggravated Assault	260
	Investigating Child Abuse	266
	Legal Justification for the Use of Force	271
	Chapter Resources	273
12	Robbery	275
	Robbers	276
	Robberies	277
	Modus Operandi	279
	Processing the Robbery Crime Scene	284
	Robbery Checklist	286
	Prosecutorial Summary	286
13	Sexual Assault	293
	Elements of Sexual Assault	294
	The Forced Sexual Assault Investigation	297
	Sexual Assault Profiling	310
	Nuisance Sex Crimes	313
	Chapter Resources	316
14	Theft and Burglary	319
	Burglary	320
	Motor Vehicle Theft	326
	Chapter Resources	333
15	Drug Offenses	337
	The Addict Myth	337
	Drug Analysis	338
	Narcotics	343
	Hallucinogens	347
	Depressants	354
	Stimulants	354
	Club Drugs	363
	Drug Regulation	364
	Drug Investigations	365
	Drug Prevention	367
	Chapter Resources	369
16	Arson	373
	Investigation of Arson	373
	Arson Evidence	376
	Vessel Arson	381
	Vessel Explosions	385
	Relevant Case Law	387
	Chapter Resources	389
17	Terrorism	393
	Terrorists	394
	Weapons of Terrorism	396
	Investigating Terrorism	397
	Hostage Negotiation	399
	Chapter Resources	405
18	Organized Crime	407
	Organized Crime Groups	407
	Ritual Abuse	413
	Organized Crime and Applicable Laws	418
	Investigating Organized Crime	419
	Chapter Resources	423
19	White Collar Crime	427
	Money Laundering	427
	Confidence Swindles	428
	Forgery and Check Fraud	429
	Questioned-Document Examination	430
	Computer-Assisted Crime	432
	Chapter Resources	441
20	Underwater Investigations	445
	Elements of Underwater Investigation	445
	Recovering Submerged Firearms	448
	Body Recovery	451
	Drowning	456
	Auto, Aircraft, and Vessel Recovery	460
	Chapter Resources	468
21	Defense Lawyers, Prosecutors, and Investigators	471
	The Defense	471
	The Prosecution	477
	Investigators and Trials	480
	Chapter Resources	488
22	Expert Testimony	491
	Expert Witnesses: A Brief History	491
	Contemporary Expert Witnesses	495
	Chapter Resources	500
A	Direct Examination of Fingerprint Experts	503
B	Direct Examination of Forensic Chemist	519
	Index	523