CMOS Biotechnology Book

Introduction   Donhee Ham   Hakho Lee   Robert M. Westervelt     1
Microfluidics for Electrical Engineers
Introduction to Fluid Dynamics for Microfluidic Flows   Howard A. Stone     5
Introduction     5
Concepts Important to the Description of Fluid Motions     9
Basic Properties in the Physics of Fluids     9
Viscosity and the Velocity Gradient     10
Compressible Fluids and Incompressible Flows     11
The Reynolds Number     12
Pressure-driven and Shear-driven Flows in Pipes or Channels     13
Electrical Networks and their Fluid Analogs     14
Ohm's and Kirchhoff's Laws     14
Channels in Parallel or in Series     16
Resistances in terms of Resistivities, Viscosities and Geometry     16
Basic Fluid Dynamics via the Governing Differential Equations     17
Goals     17
Continuum Descriptions     18
The Continuity and Navier-Stokes Equations     19
The Reynolds Number     21
Brief Justification for the Incompressibility Assumption     22
Model Flows     23
Pressure-driven Flow in a Circular Tube     23
Pressure-driven Flow in a RectangularChannel     25
Conclusions and Outlook     28
Acknowledgments     28
References     29
Author Biography     30
Micro- and Nanofluidics for Biological Separations   Joshua D. Cross   Harold G. Craighead     31
Introduction     31
Fabrication of Fluidic Structure     32
Biological Applications     36
Microfluidic Experiments     40
Microchannel Capillary Electrophoresis     46
Filled Microfluidic Channels     50
Fabricated Micro- and Nanostructures     54
Artificial Sieving Matrices     54
Entropic Recoil     57
Entropic Trapping     61
Asymmetric Potentials     65
Conclusions     68
Acknowledgment     69
References     69
Author biography     75
CMOS/Microfluidic Hybrid Systems   Hakho Lee   Donhee Ham   Robert M. Westervelt     77
Introduction     77
CMOS/Microfluidic Hybrid System - Concept and Advantages     79
Application of CMOS ICs in a Hybrid System     80
Advantages of the CMOS/Microfluidic Hybrid Approach      82
Fabrication of Microfluidic Networks for Hybrid Systems     84
Direct Patterning of Thick Resins     85
Casting of Polymers     87
Lamination of Dry Film Resists     89
Hot Embossing     91
Packaging of CMOS/Microfluidic Hybrid Systems     93
Electrical Connection     94
Fluidic Connection     94
Temperature Regulation     96
Conclusions and Outlook     96
Acknowledgment     97
References     97
Author Biography     100
CMOS Actuators
CMOS-based Magnetic Cell Manipulation System   Yong Liu   Hakho Lee   Robert M. Westervelt   Donhee Ham     103
Introduction     103
Principle of Magnetic Manipulation of Cells     105
Magnetic Beads     106
Motion of Magnetic Beads     109
Tagging Biological Cells with Magnetic Beads     115
Design of the CMOS IC Chip     119
Microcoil Array     119
Control Circuitry     122
Temperature Sensor     128
Complete Cell Manipulation System     129
Fabrication of Microfluidic Channels     129
Packaging      131
Experiment Setup     131
Temperature Control System     132
Control Electronics     133
Control Software     134
Demonstration of Magnetic Cell Manipulation System     135
Manipulation of Magnetic Beads     135
Manipulation of Biological Cells     137
Conclusions and Outlook     139
Acknowledgment     140
References     140
Author Biography     142
Applications of Dielectrophoresis-based Lab-on-a-chip Devices in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biomedicine   Claudio Nastruzzi   Azzurra Tosi   Monica Borgatti   Roberto Guerrieri   Gianni Medoro   Roberto Gambari     145
General Introduction     145
Gene Expression Studies     147
Protein Studies     147
Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) in Pharmaceutical Sciences     148
Dielectrophoresis-based Approaches     148
Dielectrophoresis based Lab-on-a-chip Platforms     152
Lab-on-a-chip with Spiral Electrodes     152
Lab-on-a-chip with Parallel Electrodes     154
Lab-on-a-chip with Two-dimensional Electrode Array     155
Applications of Lab-on-a-chip to Pharmaceutical Sciences     155
Microparticles for Lab-on-a-chip Applications     155
Microparticles-cell Interactions on Lab-on-a-chip     164
Lab-on-a-chip for Biomedicine and Cellular Biotechnology     165
Applications of Lab-on-a-chip for Cell Isolation     165
Separation of Cell Populations Exhibiting Different DEP Properties     166
DEP-based, Marker-Specific Sorting of Rare Cells     167
Future Perspectives: Integrated Sensors for Cell Biology     168
Conclusions     171
Acknowledgment     172
References     172
Author Biography     176
CMOS Electronic Microarrays in Diagnostics and Nanotechnology   Dalibor Hodko   Paul Swanson   Dietrich Dehlinger   Benjamin Sullivan   Michael J. Heller     179
Introduction     179
Electronic Microarrays     184
Direct Wired Microarrays     184
CMOS Microarrays     186
Electronic Transport and Hybridization of DNA     190
Nanofabrication using CMOS Microarrays     192
Electric Field Directed Nanoparticle Assembly Process     194
Discussion and Conclusions     199
References      200
Author Biography     205
CMOS Electrical Sensors
Integrated Microelectrode Arrays   Flavio Heer   Andreas Hierlemann     207
Introduction     207
Why using IC or CMOS Technology     209
Fundamentals of Recording of Electrical Cell Activity     210
Electrogenic Cells     210
Recording and Stimulation Techniques and Tools     214
Integrated CMOS-Based Systems     221
High-Density-Recording Devices     221
Multiparameter Sensor Chip     227
Portable Cell-Based Biosensor     228
Wireless Implantable Microsystem     231
Fully Integrated Bidirectional 128-Electrode System     234
Measurement Results     243
Recordings from Neural and Cardiac Cell Cultures     243
Stimulation Artifact Suppression     245
Stimulation of Neural and Cardiac Cell Cultures     246
Conclusions and Outlook     248
Appendix     249
Acknowledgment     250
References     250
Author Biography     257
CMOS ICs for Brain Implantable Neural Recording Microsystems   William R. Patterson III   Yoon-kyu Song   Christopher W. Bull    Farah L. Laiwalla   Arto Nurmikko   John P. Donoghue     259
Introduction     259
Electrical Microsystem Overview     265
Preamplifier and Multiplexor Integrated Circuit     267
Preamplifiers     268
Column Multiplexing     277
Output Buffer Amplifier     278
Biasing and the Bias Generator     281
Amplifier Performance     283
Digital Controller Integrated Circuit     284
Conclusions     286
Acknowledgment     288
References     288
Author Biography     290
CMOS Optical Sensors
Optofluidic Microscope - Fitting a Microscope onto a Sensor Chip   Changhuei Yang   Xin Heng   Xiquan Cui   Demetri Psaltis     293
Introduction     293
Operating Principle     295
Implementation     297
Experimental Setup     297
Imaging C. Elegans     299
Resolution     302
Putting Resolution in Context     302
Experimental Method     304
Simulation Method     308
Comparison between Simulation and Experimental Results     310
Results and Discussions     313
Resolution and Sensitivity     320
OFM Variations     322
Fluorescence OFM     322
Differential Interference Contrast OFM     323
Conclusions     325
Acknowledgment     326
References     326
Author Biography     329
CMOS Sensors for Optical Molecular Imaging   Abbas El Gamal   Helmy Eltoukhy   Khaled Salama     331
Introduction     331
Luminescence     333
Fluorescence     333
Bio-/Chemi-Luminescence     335
Solid-State Image Sensors     336
Photodetection     338
CMOS Architectures     343
Non-idealities and Performance Measures     347
Sampling Techniques for Noise Reduction     351
CMOS Image Sensors for Molecular Biology     354
CMOS for Fluorometry     356
CMOS for Bio-/Chemi-Luminescence     357
Lab-on-Chip for de novo DNA Sequencing     357
Lab-on-Chip Application Requirements     359
Luminescence Detection System-on-Chip     360
Low Light Detection     369
Applications      372
Acknowledgment     374
References     374
Author Biography     379
Index     381