Electrochemistry of Porous Materials Book

Foreword xi

Preface ix

Author xv

List of Acronyms xvii

1 Porous Materials and Electrochemistry 1

1.1 Porous Materials, Concept, and Classifications 1

1.2 Mixed Porous Materials 2

1.3 Electrochemistry and Porous Materials 3

1.4 Synthesis of Porous Materials 5

1.5 Material-Modified Electrodes 6

1.6 Electrode-Modified Materials 8

1.7 General Electrochemical Considerations 11

1.8 Diffusive Aspects 11

1.9 Voltammetry and Related Techniques 12

1.10 Resistive and Capacitive Effects 15

1.11 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 19

1.12 Other Techniques 24

2 Electrochemical Processes Involving Porous Materials 27

2.1 Introduction 27

2.2 General Approach 29

2.3 Continuous Layer 31

2.4 Microheterogeneous Deposits 34

2.5 Distribution of Species 38

2.6 Refinements 40

2.7 Fractal Surfaces 41

3 Electrocatalysis 47

3.1 Introduction 47

3.2 Electrocatalysis by Surface-Confined Species 49

3.3 Electrocatalysis at Microparticulate Deposits of Porous Materials 49

3.4 Modeling Electrocatalysis at Microheterogeneous Deposits of Porous Materials: The Steady-State Approach 57

3.5 Modeling Electrocatalysis at Microheterogeneous Deposits of Porous Materials: Transient Responses 60

3.6 Electrocatalytic Mechanisms 63

4 Electrochemistry of Aluminosilicates 69

4.1 Introduction 69

4.2 Zeolites 69

4.3 Electrochemistry of Zeolite-Associated Species 72

4.4 Topological Redox Isomers 74

4.5 Species Distribution 77

4.6 Mesoporous Materials 81

4.7 Electrochemistry of Related Materials 82

4.8 Speciation: The Maya Blue Problem 83

5 Electrochemistry of Metal-Organic Frameworks 95

5.1 Introduction 95

5.2 Ion Insertion-DrivenElectrochemistry of MOFs 96

5.3 Metal Deposition Electrochemistry of MOFs 101

5.4 Sensing and Electrocatalysis 111

6 Electrochemistry of Porous Oxides and Related Materials 117

6.1 Overview 117

6.2 Electrochemistry of Metal Oxides and Metal Oxohydroxides 117

6.3 Electrochemistry of Layered Hydroxides and Related Materials 123

6.4 Electrochemistry of POMs 126

6.5 Electrochemistry of Doped Materials 128

6.6 Porous Anodic Metal Oxide Films 131

6.7 Electrocatalysis at Metal Oxides and Related Materials 136

6.8 Site-Characteristic Electrochemistry 137

7 Electrochemistry of Porous Carbons and Nanotubes 143

7.1 Carbons as Electrochemical Materials 143

7.2 Porous Carbons 143

7.3 Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoribbons 145

7.4 Fullerenes 154

7.5 Direct Electrochemical Synthesis of Fullerenes and Nanotubes 155

7.6 Capacitance Response 155

7.7 Carbon Functionalization 156

7.8 Electrocatalytic Ability 158

8 Electrochemistry of Porous Polymers and Hybrid Materials 167

8.1 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials and Nanocomposites 167

8.2 Porous Polymers 168

8.3 Hybrid Materials Based on Modification of Conducting Organic Polymers 169

8.4 Hybrid Materials Based on Modification with Conducting Polymers 174

8.5 Electrochemical Monitoring of Polymerization in Hybrid Systems 181

8.6 Dispersion of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles into Porous Solids 188

9 Electrochemical Sensing via Porous Materials 197

9.1 Electrochemical Sensing 197

9.2 Gas Sensors with Porous Materials 198

9.3 Solid-State pH and Ion-Selective Electrodes 203

9.4 Amperometric Sensing 204

9.5 Voltammetric Sensing and Selectivity 208

9.6 Enantioselective Electrochemical Sensing 213

9.7 Electrochemical Modeling of Electronic Systems 217

10 Supercapacitors, Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Related Applications 223

10.1 Electrical Energy Storage and Conversion 223

10.2 Capacitors and Supercapacitors 223

10.3 Nickel Batteries 228

10.4 Lithium Batteries 229

10.5 Fuel Cells 236

10.6 Electrocogeneration 242

11 Magnetoelectrochemistry and Photoelectrochemistry of Porous Materials 245

11.1 Magnetoelectrochemistry 245

11.2 Photoelectrochemistry 249

11.3 Photon Energy and Redox Processes 253

11.4 Photoelectrochemical Cells 254

11.5 Electrochemically Induced Luminescence and Electrochromic Materials 256

11.5 Photochemical Modulation of Electrocatalytic Processes 259

12 Microporous Materials in Electrosynthesis and Environmental Remediation 265

12.1 Electrosynthesis 265

12.2 Electrolytic Procedures Involving Porous Electrodes 266

12.3 Electrocatalytic Processes 266

12.4 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 267

12.5 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 268

12.6 Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Alcohols 269

12.7 Electrochemical Degradation of Contaminants 269

12.8 Degradation/Generation 271

12.9 Photoelectrochemical Degradation 272

References 275

Index 307