Hbk of Cleaner Production: Power Book

Preface vii

About the Author ix

1 Air Pollution 1

1.1 Overview 1

1.2 The National Emissions Inventory 3

1.3 Criteria Air Pollutants 3

1.3.1 Carbon Monoxide 4

1.3.2 Lead 4

1.3.3 Nitrogen Dioxide 5

1.3.4 Particulate Matter 6

1.3.5 Ozone 8

1.3.6 Sulfur Dioxide 9

1.3.7 NAAQS 10

1.4 Comparing Emissions 10

1.4.1 National Emissions Inventory 10

1.4.2 Toxics Release Inventory 10

1.5 Mercury Releases 25

2 Solid Wastes 31

2.1 Overview 31

2.2 Coal Combustion Byproducts 32

2.3 Regulations 37

2.4 Origins and General Properties of Fly Ash 39

2.5 Flue-Gas Desulfurization Material 42

2.6 Toxic Heavy Metals Found in Fly Ashes 43

2.7 Beneficial Ash Characteristics and Markets 43

2.8 Radioactive Constituents 60

3 Old and New Generation Technologies 63

3.1 Overview 63

3.2 Stoker-Fired Coal Combustion 63

3.3 Pulverized-Coal Combustion 64

3.4 Cyclone Coal Combustion 66

3.5 Fluidized-Bed Combustion 66

3.5.1 Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Combustion Systems 69

3.6 Gasification 70

3.7 Comparing Energy Costs 79

4 Carbon Capture and Sequestration 83

4.1 Introduction 83

4.2 Factors Influencing GHG Emissions 84

4.3 Emissions Trading Scheme 84

4.4 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Technologies 87

4.4.1 Safety and Environmental Setbacks 94

4.4.2 Recycling and New Markets 96

4.5 Commercial Status 97

4.6 Improving Efficiencies 100

5 The TVA Ash Spill 109

5.1 Introduction 109

5.2 Facility Background 110

5.3 Coal Sources and Quantities 114

5.4 Solid Waste Storage 115

5.5 Ash Analysis 117

5.6 The Spill 117

5.7 Facility Environmental Footprint 122

5.8 Airborne Releases from the Spill Incident 127

5.9 Exceedances and Excursions 134

5.10 Toxins Released 139

5.11 An Estimate of the Releases to Air 140

5.12 Industry-Wide Problem 164

Recommended Sources 171

Glossary 177

Index 187