Environmental Chemistry Book

	Preface: Introduction to Green Chemistry	xvii
Part I	Air and Energy	1
Chapter 1	Stratospheric Chemistry: The Ozone Layer	3
	Introduction	3
	The Physics and Chemistry of the Ozone Layer	9
	The Steady State in Atmospheric Reactions	21
	Catalytic Processes of Ozone Destruction	27
	The Ozone Hole and Other Sites of Ozone Depletion	36
	The Chemicals That Cause Ozone Destruction	48
Chapter 2	Ground-Level Air Pollution - Outdoors and Indoors	66
	Introduction	66
	Urban Ozone: The Photochemical Smog Process	72
	Acid Rain	93
	The Ecological Effects of Acid Rain and of Photochemical Smog	99
	Particulates in Air Pollution	106
	Air Quality Indices and Size Characteristics for Particulate Matter	111
	The Health Effects of Outdoor Air Pollutants	114
	Indoor Air Pollution	127
Chapter 3	The Detailed Chemistry of the Atmosphere	139
	Tropospheric Chemistry	141
	Systematics of Stratospheric Chemistry	161
Chapter 4	The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming	166
	The Mechanism of the Greenhouse Effect	167
	Molecular Vibrations: Energy Absorption by Greenhouse Gases	171
	The Major Greenhouse Gases	173
	Atmospheric Residence Time	187
	Other Greenhouse Gases	191
	The Climate-Modifying Effects of Aerosols	202
	Global Warming to Date	206
Chapter 5	Climate Change in the Future: Predictions, Consequences, and Controls	220
	The Potential Consequences of Global Warming	220
	Energy Reserves and Usage	226
	CO[subscript 2] Emission Scenarios and Agreements	236
	Minimizing Future Emissions of Greenhouse Gases	241
Chapter 6	Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels, and the Hydrogen Economy	252
	Renewable Energy	253
	Alternative Fuels	267
	Hydrogen-Fuel of the Future?	283
Environmental Instrumental Analysis 1	Instrumental Determination of NO[subscript x] by Chemiluminescence	299
Environmental Instrumental Analysis 2	Instrumental Determination of Atmospheric Methane	302
Part II	Toxic Organic Chemicals	305
Chapter 7	Pesticides	307
	Background	307
	DDT	313
	The Accumulation of Organochlorines in Biological Systems	318
	Other Organochlorine Insecticides	323
	Principles of Toxicology	327
	The Distribution of Environmental Pollutants	334
	Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticides	337
	Natural and Green Insecticides, and Integrated Pest Management	342
	Herbicides	346
	Summary	352
Chapter 8	Nonpesticide Toxic Organic Compounds of Environmental Concern	358
	Dioxins	359
	PCBs	365
	Other Sources of Dioxins and Furans	376
	The Health Effects of Dioxins, Furans, and PCBs	381
	Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)	393
	Other Toxic Organics of Environmental Concern	402
	Environmental Estrogens	405
	The Long-Range Transport of Atmospheric Pollutants	413
Environmental Instrumental Analysis 3	Electron Capture Detection of Pesticides	420
Part III	Water	423
Chapter 9	The Chemistry of Natural Waters	425
	Oxidation-Reduction Chemistry in Natural Waters	426
	Acid-Base Chemistry in Natural Waters: The Carbonate System	442
	Ion Concentrations in Natural Waters and Drinking Water	449
Chapter 10	The Pollution and Purification of Water	463
	Water Disinfection	463
	Groundwater: Its Supply, Chemical Contamination, and Remediation	478
	The Chemical Contamination and Treatment of Wastewater and Sewage	494
	Modern Wastewater and Air Purification Techniques	507
Chapter 11	Toxic Heavy Metals	516
	Introduction	516
	Mercury	519
	Lead	530
	Cadmium	542
	Arsenic	545
	Chromium	554
Environmental Instrumental Analysis 4	Inductively Coupled Plasma Determination of Lead	562
Environmental Instrumental Analysis 5	Ion Chromatography of Environmentally Significant Anions	565
Part IV	Some Other Environmental Concerns	569
Chapter 12	Hazardous and Municipal Wastes, and the Contamination of Soils and Sediments	571
	Domestic and Commercial Garbage: Its Disposal and Minimization	571
	The Recycling of Household and Commercial Waste	581
	Soils and Sediments	591
	Hazardous Wastes	614
Chapter 13	Radioactivity, Radon, and Nuclear Energy	626
	Radioactivity and Radon Gas	626
	Nuclear Energy	637
Appendix	Background Organic Chemistry	1
	Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems	1
	Index	1