Portable Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing Book

Preface.
1. Reading and Writing About Literature. Reading Literature. Previewing. Highlighting. Checklist: Using Highlighting Symbols. Maya Angelou, My Arkansas. Annotating. Writing About Literature. Planning an Essay. Considering your Audience. Understanding Your Purpose. Writing To Respond. Writing To Interpret. Writing To Evaluate. Choosing a Topic. Finding Something to Say. Brainstorming. Keeping a Journal. Seeing Connections. Listing. Deciding on a Thesis. Preparing an Outline. Drafting an Essay. Revising and Editing an Essay. Strategies for Revision. The Revision Process. Thesis Statement. Support. Topic Sentences. Introductions and Conclusions. Sentences and Words. Using and Documenting Sources. Checklist: Using Sources. Checklist: Conventions for Writing About Literature. Three Model Student Papers. " ''The Secret Lion'': Everything Changes." "Digging for Memories." "Desperate Measures: Acts of Defiance in Trifles." FICTION.
2. Understanding Fiction. Defining Fiction. The Short Story. *Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings. Gary Gildner, Sleepytime Gal. A Final Note.
3. Plot. Conflict. Stages of Plot. Order and Sequence. A Final Note. Checklist: Writing about Plot. Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour. William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily. Lorrie Moore, How to Talk to Your Mother (Notes). Writing Suggestions: Plot.
4. Character. Round and Flat Characters. Dynamic and Static Characters. Motivation. Checklist: Writing About Character. John Updike, A and P. Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill. Charles Baxter, Gryphon. Writing Suggestions: Character.
5. Setting. Historical Setting. Geographical Setting. Physical Setting. Checklist:Writing About Setting. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper. *Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal. Tillie Olsen, I Stand Here Ironing. Writing Suggestions: Setting.
6. Point of View. First Person Narrator. Unreliable Narrators. Third Person Narrator. Omniscient. Limited Omniscient. Objective. Selecting an Appropriate Point of View. Limited Omniscient Point of View. First-Person Point of View (Child). First-Person Point of View (Adult). Omniscient Point of View. Selecting An Appropriate Point of View: Review. Checklist: Writing about Point of View. Edgar Allen Poe, The Cask of Amontillado. Richard Wright, Big Black Good Man. William Faulkner, Barn Burning. Writing Suggestions: Point of View.
7. Style, Tone, and Language. Style and Tone. The Uses of Language. Formal and Informal Diction. Imagery. Figures of Speech. A Final Note. Checklist: Writing about Style, Tone, and Language. James Joyce, Araby. Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place. Flannery O''Connor, A Good Man is Hard to Find. Writing Suggestions: Style, Tone, and Language.
8. Symbol and Allegory. Literary Symbols. Recognizing Symbols. The Purpose of Symbols. Allegory. Checklist: Writing About Symbol and Allegory. Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown. Shirley Jackson, The Lottery. *Raymond Carver, Cathedral. Writing Suggestions: Symbol and Allegory.
9. Theme. Understanding Theme. Identifying Themes. Checklist: Writing About Theme. David Michael Kaplan, Doe Season. D. H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner. Eudora Welty, A Worn Path. Writing Suggestions: Theme.
10. Fiction for Further Reading. Chinua Achebe, Dead Man''s Path. T.Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake. Jamaica Kincaid, Girl. Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Tim O''Brien, The Things They Carried. Alberto Alvaro Ríos, The Secret Lion. Amy Tan, Two Kinds. Alice Walker, Everyday Use. POETRY.
11. Understanding Poetry. Nikki Giovanni, Poetry. Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica. Marianne Moore, Poetry. Defining Poetry. William Shakespeare, That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold. Louis Zukofsky, I Walk in the Old Street. E. E. Cummings, l(a. Approaching Poetry. Recognizing Kinds of Poetry. Narrative Poetry. Lyric Poetry.
12. Discovering Themes in Poetry. Adrienne Rich, A Woman Mourned by Daughters. Raymond Carver, Photograph of my Father in His Twenty Second Year. Judith Ortiz Cofer, My Father In the Navy: A Childhood Memory. Poems About Parents. Theodore Roethke, My Papa''s Waltz. Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night. Lucille Clifton, My Mama Moved among the Days. Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays. Poems about Love. Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love. Sir Walter Raleigh, The Nymph''s Reply to the Shepherd. Thomas Campion, There Is a Garden in Her Face. William Shakespeare, My Mistress'' Eyes Are Nothing like the Sun. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Edna St. Vincent Millay, What Lips My Lips Have Kissed. Poems About War. Rupert Brooke, The Soldier. Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth. William Butler Yeats, An Irish Airman Foresees His Death. Robert Lowell, For the Union Dead. Denise Levertov, What Were They Like. *Wislawa Szymborska, The End and the Beginning.
13. Voice. Emily Dickinson, I''m Nobody! Who Are You? The Speaker in the Poem. Louise Gluck, Gretel in Darkness. Leonard Adame, My Grandmother Would Rock Quietly and Hum. Langston Hughes, Negro. Robert Browning, My Last Duchess. Janice Mirikitani, Suicide Note. *James Tate, Nice Car, Camille. The Tone of the Poem. Robert Frost, Fire and Ice. Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed. Amy Lowell, Patterns. William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us. Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time. *Steve Kowit, The Grammar Lesson. Irony. Robert Browning, Porphyria''s Lover. Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias. Ariel Dorfman, Hope. W.H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen. Anne Sexton, Cinderella. Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham. Checklist: Writing about Voice. Writing Suggestions: Voice.
14. Word Choice, Word Order. Sipho Sepamla, Words, Words, Words. Word Choice. Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn''d Astronomer. William Stafford, For the Grave of Daniel Boone. Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin. E. E. Cummings, in Just-. Theodore Roethke, I Knew a Woman. *Robert Pinsky, ABC. Levels of Diction. Margaret Atwood, The City Planners. Jim Sagel, Baca Grande. *Mark Halliday, The Value of Education. Richard Wilbur, For the Student Strikers. Charles Bukowski, Dog Fight. Word Order. Edmund Spenser, One Day I Wrote Her Name upon the Strand. E. E. Cummings, Anyone Lived In A Pretty How Town. A. E. Housman, To An Athlete Dying Young. Emily Dickinson, My Life Had Stood--A Loaded Gun. Checklist: Writing About Word Choice, Word Order. Writing Suggestions: Word Choice, Word Order.
15. Imagery. Jane Flanders, Cloud Painter. William Carlos Williams, Red Wheelbarrow. Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro. William Carlos Williams, The Great Figure. *Michael Chitwood, Division. *Michael McFee, Valentine''s Afternoon. Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum est. Checklist: Writing about Imagery. Writing Suggestions: Imagery.
16. Figures of Speech. William Shakespeare, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer''s Day? Simile, Metaphor, and Personification. Langston Hughes, Harlem. Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Constantly Risking Absurdity. Audre Lorde, Rooming Houses Are Old Women. Robert Burns, Oh, My Love Is like A Red, Red, Rose. John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player. Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner. Marge Piercy, The Secretary Chant. John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning. *Martin Espada, My Father as Guitar. Hyperbole and Understatement. Sylvia Plath, Daddy. David Huddle, Holes Commence Falling. Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband. Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress. Donald Hall, My Son, My Executioner. Margaret Atwood, You Fit Into Me. Metonymy and Synecdoche. Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta Going to the Wars. Apostrophe. Sonia Sanchez, On Passing thru Morgantown, Pa. *Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California. Checklist: Writing About Figures of Speech. Writing Suggestions: Figures of Speech.
17. Sound. Walt Whitman, Had I the Choice. Rhythm. Gwendolyn Brooks, Sadie and Maud. Meter. Emily Dickinson, I Like to See It Lap the Miles. Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer''s Tigers. Alliteration and Assonance. Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle. Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder. Rhyme. Ogden Nash, The Llama. Richard Wilbur, A Sketch. Gerald Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty. W. H. Auden, As I Walked Out One Evening. *Robert Francis, Pitcher. *Mona Van Duyn, The Beginning. Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky. Checklist: Writing About Sound. Writing Suggestions: Sound.
18. Form. John Keats, On the Sonnet. *Billy Collins, Sonnet. Closed Form. Blank Verse. Stanza. The Sonnet. William Shakespeare, When, in Disgrace with Fortune and Men''s Eyes. Claude McKay, The White City. John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman''s Homer. Gwendolyn Brooks, First Fight. Then Fiddle. The Sestina. Alberto Alvaro Ríos, Nani. Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina. The Villanelle. Theodore Roethke, The Waking. William Meredith, In Memory of Donald A. Stauffer. The Epigram. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, What Is an Epigram? William Blake, Her Whole Life Is an Epigram. *Martin Espada, Why I Went to College. Haiku. Richard Brautigan, Widow''s Lament. Matsuo Basho, Four Haiku. Carolyn Kizer, After Basho. Open Form. Carl Sandburg, Chicago. Louise Gluck, Life is a Nice Place. E. E. Cummings, The Sky Was Can Dy. Walt Whitman, from Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking. William Carlos Williams, Spring and All. *Czeslaw Milosz, Christopher Robin. Concrete Poetry. May Swenson, Women. George Herbert, Easter Wings. *Greg Williamson, Group Photo with Winter Trees. Checklist: Writing About Form. Writing Suggestions: Form.
19. Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, and Myth. William Blake, The Sick Rose. Symbol. Robert Frost, For Once, Then Something. Jim Simmerman, Child''s Grave, Hale County, Alabama. Emily Dickinson, Volcanoes Be in Sicily. Langston Hughes, Island. Allegory. Christina Rossetti, Uphill. Adrienne Rich, Diving into the Wreck. Allusion. Wole Soyinka, Future Plans. William Meredith, Dreams of Suicide. Delmore Schwartz, The True-Blue American. Myth. Countee Cullen, Yet Do I Marvel. William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan. Derek Walcott, Sea Grapes. W. H. Auden, Musèe des Beaux Arts. *T. S. Eliot, The Journey of the Magi. Checklist: Writing about Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, and Myth. Writing Suggestions: Symbol Allegory, Allusion, and Myth.
20. Poetry for Further Reading. Maya Angelou, Africa. Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach. *Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish. William Blake, The Lamb. *William Blake, To See a World in a Grain of Sand. William Blake, The Tyger. Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book. Gwendolyn Brooks, Medgar Evers. Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool. George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan. *Hart Crane, To Brooklyn Bridge. E. E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill''s. E. E. Cummings, Next To Of Course God America I. Emily Dickinson, Wild Nights--Wild Nights! Emily Dickinson, Nature--sometimes sears a Sapling. Emily Dickinson, After great pain, a formal feeling comes. Emily Dickinson, I heard a fly buzz--when I died. Emily Dickinson, I dwell in Possibility. John Donne, Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God. John Donne, Death Be Not Proud. Rita Dove, The Satisfaction Coal Company. T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Robert Frost, Birches. Robert Frost, Mending Wall. Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken. Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. Nikki Giovanni, Nikki-Rosa. H. D., Heat. Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain. *Seamus Heaney, Mid-term Break. Gerard Manley Hopkins, God''s Grandeur. Langston Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers. Langston Hughes, Park Bench. Ted Hughes, Visit. John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci: A Ballad. John Keats, Bright Star! Would I Were Steadfast as Thou Art. John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn. John Keats, When I Have Fears. *Aron Keesbury, On the Robbery across the Street. *M.S. Merwin, For the Anniversary of My Death. John Milton, When I Consider How My Light Is Spent. Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage. *Frank O''Hara, Autobiographia Literaria. Sylvia Plath, Metaphors. Sylvia Plath, Mirror. Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant''s Wife: A Letter. Henry Reed, Naming of Parts. Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy. Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory. Carl Sandburg, Fog. Anne Sexton, Sylvia''s Death. William Shakespeare, Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds. William Shakespeare, Not Marble, nor the Gilded Monuments. Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind. Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning. Cathy Song, Lost Sister. Gary Soto, Black Hair. William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark. Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream. Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses. Edmund Waller, Go, Lovely Rose. Phyllis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America. Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider. Walt Whitman, from Song of Myself. William Carlos Williams, The Dance. William Wordsworth, Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3,
1802. William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud. William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold. William Wordsworth, She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways. William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper. William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop. William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree. William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium. William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming. DRAMA.
21. Understanding Drama. Dramatic Literature. The Origins of the Modern Theater. The Ancient Greek Theater. The Elizabethan Theater. The Modern Theater. Kinds of Drama. Tragedy. Comedy. A Note on Translations. August Strindberg, The Stronger. *Jane Martin, Beauty. Reading Drama.
22. Plot. Plot Structure. Plot and Subplot. Plot Development. Flashbacks. Foreshadowing. Checklist: Writing About Plot. Susan Glaspell, Trifles. Henrik Ibsen, A Doll House. Writing Suggestions: Plot.
23. Character. Character''s Words. Formal and Informal Language. Plain and Elaborate Style. Tone. Irony. Character''s Actions. Stage Directions. Actor''s Interpretations. Checklist: Writing About Character. Anton Checkov, The Brute. William Shakespeare, Hamlet. Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman. Writing Suggestions: Character.
24. Staging. Stage Directions. The Uses of Staging. Costumes. Props. Scenery and Lighting. Music and Sound Effects. A Final Note. Checklist: Writing About Staging. Milcha Sanchez-Scott, The Cuban Swimmer. Sophocles, Oedipus the King. Writing Suggestions: Staging.
25. Theme. Titles. Conflicts. Dialogue. Characters. Staging. A Final Note. Checklist: Writing About Theme. *Margaret Edson, Wit. August Wilson, Fences. Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie. Writing Suggestions: Theme. Glossary of Literary Terms. Acknowledgements. Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poetry. *Denotes New to this Edition.