Degradation Rate of Bioresorbable Materials: Prediction and Evaluation Book

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

An Overview of Bioresorbable Materials

K Burg and D Orr, Clemson University, USA

Introduction. Degradation mechanisms. Resorbable ceramics. Resorption process. Application guides the design of an absorbable implant. Understanding the in vivo environment. Naturally derived materials. Synthesized polymers. Fabrication of absorbable materials. Sterilization of absorbable implants. Commentary. Sources for further information and advice. References.

The Biological Environment for Bioresorbable Materials

D Lickorish, N Zebardast and J Davies, University of Toronto, Canada

Introduction to a hostile environment. Blood. Plasma protein cascades. Fibrin formation. Biomaterial interactions. Host response to injury. Practical demonstration of acute inflammation. Chronic inflammation. Conclusion and future trends. References.

PART 2 DEGRADATION MECHANISMS

Synthetic Bioresorbable Polymers

R E Cameron and A Kamvari-Moghaddam, University of Cambridge, UK

Introduction. Synthetic bioresorbable polymers. Degradation of aliphatic polyesters. Factors affecting aliphatic polymer degradation. Processing and devices. Conclusions. Sources of further information and advice. References.

Natural Bioresorbable Polymers

W Paul and C P Sharma, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, India

Introduction. Chitin and chitosan. Alginates. Cellulose. Conclusion. Acknowledgments. References.

Bioresorbable Ceramics

M Bohner, Robert Mathys Foundation, Switzerland

Introduction. Solubility. Kinetics. In vivo transformation. Other bioresorbable ceramics. Modelling resorption. Future trends. Conclusion. References.

PART 3 BIORESORPTION TEST METHODS

In-Vitro Physicochemical Test Methods to Evaluate Bioresorbability

S Li, University Montpellier I, France

Introduction. Protocol for in vitro degradation studies. In vitro physicochemical test methods. Conclusion. References.

In-Vitro Biological Test Methods to Evaluate Bioresorbability

G Mabilleau and A Sabokbar, University of Oxford, UK

Introduction. Methods of degradation of biomaterials. Methods to assess the resorbability in vitro. Characterization of the resorbability in vitro: microscopic analysis of the surface. References.

In-Vivo Test Methods to Evaluate Bioresorbability

S A Clarke and G R Jordan, Queen’s University Belfast, UK

Introduction: in vivo models. Outcome measures: histomorphometry. Histomorphometric measurements. Imaging. Summary. References.

Modelling of the degradation processes for bioresorbable polymers

D Farrar, Smith & Nephew Research Centre, UK

Introduction. Overview of degradation processes for bioresorbable polymers. Modelling of key processes. Modelling of surface erosion. Temperature effects. Future trends. Concluding remarks. References.

PART 4 FACTORS INFLUENCING BIORESORPTION

Influence of Processing, Sterilisation and Storage on Bioresorbability

F Buchanan and D Leonard, Queen’s University Belfast, UK

Introduction. Processing techniques. Processing-related degradation. Sterilisation. Maximising shelf-life: packaging and storage. Additives for reducing degradation. Conclusion. References.

Influence of Porous Structure on Bioresorbability: Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

P Tomlins, National Physical Laboratory, UK

Introduction. Materials. Processing. Characterisation of tissue scaffolds. Methods for monitoring the degradation of polymeric tissue scaffolds. Concluding remarks. Acknowledgements. References.

Influence of Clinical Application on Bioresorbability: Host Response

J Chan, K Burugapalli, J Kelly and A Pandit, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland

Introduction. Host response cascade. Host factors influencing biodegradation. Physical, chemical and non-cellular factors influencing biodegradation. Cellular factors influencing biodegradation. Influence of site implantation on biodegradation. Influence of species and repeated implantation. Adverse outcomes of biodegradable polymers. Mechanisms of in vivo degradation. Material factors influencing biodegradation. Biomaterial design parameters. Concluding remarks. References.

PART 5 CLINICAL APPLICATION

Implant Design: Considerations Relating to Bioresorbability

D Hutmacher and C Lam, National University of Singapore, Singapore

Introduction. Degradation and bioresorption. Hydrolytic degradation of polycaprolactone. Hydrolytic degradation of medical polycaprolactone (mPCL) versus research polycaprolactone (PCL). In vivo degradation of polycaprolactone-based scaffolds. Conclusions. References.

Drug Release from Bioresorbable Materials

M Westwood and D Jones, Queen’s University of Belfast, UK

Introduction. Examples of biodegradable pharmaceutical polymers. Mechanisms of drug release from biodegradable polymers. Drug delivery applications of biodegradable polymers. Polylactic acid (PLA) and polyglycolic acid (PGA) and copoly lactic acid/glycolic acid (PLGA) as drug delivery systems. Poly(e-caprolactone) as a drug delivery system. Poly(ortho esters) as drug delivery systems. Polyanhydrides as drug delivery systems. Hydrogels with degradable backbone. Hydrogels with degradable crosslinks. Hydrogels with degradable pendent groups. Conclusions. References.