Understanding the Nature of Sensory Integration with Diverse Populations Book

	Foreword	xv
	Preface	xix
	Acknowledgments	xxiii
Part I.	Theoretical Foundations
1.	Sensory Integration Revisited: A Philosophy of Practice	3
	Dr. A. Jean Ayres	3
	Sensory Integration: A Foundation for Occupation	5
	Assessing Sensory Integrative Functioning: A Guide to Intervention	14
	Using a Sensory Integrative Approach for Children With Developmental Disabilities	16
	Outcomes and Effectiveness of Intervention	20
	References	23
2.	Neuroplasticity and the Environment: Implications for Sensory Integration	29
	The Organism-Environment Interaction	29
	Brain Growth: A Protracted Process	31
	Genes and Environment	31
	Synaptogenesis and Synapse Elimination	32
	The Role of Neural Activity in Synapse Connectivity	32
	The Role of Behavior on Synapse Modification	35
	Experience-Dependent Cortical Plasticity	35
	The Effects of Prenatal Stress on Function	37
	Alcohol and Stress During the Prenatal Period	38
	Implications for Sensory Integration	38
	References	40
3.	Developmental Neuroplasticity: A Foundation for Sensory Integration	43
	Mammalian Mothers and Infants as Dynamic Systems	43
	The Mother-Young Relationship in Animals	45
	Maternal Deprivation	47
	The Bridge Between Science and Practice	48
	References	54
	Additional Readings	55
4.	An Ecological Model of Sensory Modulation: Performance of Children With Fragile X Syndrome, Autistic Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Sensory Modulation Dysfunction	57
	Defining Sensory Modulation	57
	The New Theoretical Model	59
	Study Protocol	62
	Instrumentation	64
	SMD in Children With Developmental Disabilities	67
	Moving From Data Back to Model	77
	Limitations of This Study and Additional Questions	77
	References	79
Appendix 4A	Definitions of Terms	83
Appendix 4B	Sensory Challenge Protocol	85
5.	From Neuron to Behavior: Regulation, Arousal, and Attention as Important Substrates for the Process of Sensory Integration	89
	Processes of Regulation	89
	Sensory Integration and Regulation	90
	Neuronal Basis of Regulation	92
	Neuroanatomic Components of Regulation	94
	References	106
6.	Proprioception: A Cornerstone of Sensory Integrative Intervention	109
	What is Proprioception?	110
	An Emerging View of Proprioception: Discriminative and Modulatory Functions	113
	A New Framework for Understanding Proprioceptive Dysfunction	114
	The Use of Proprioception in Intervention	118
	References	122
	Additional Readings	124
7.	The Evolution of the Concept of Praxis in Sensory Integration	125
	Evolution of the Concept of Motor Planning as it Relates to Sensory Integration	125
	Support for the Relationship Between Praxis and Sensory Integration	127
	References	130
8.	Praxis, Motor Planning, and Motor Learning	133
	Redefining Praxis: From Clumsiness to Developmental Dyspraxia to Developmental Coordination Disorder to Specific Developmental Disorder of Motor Function	134
	From Idea to Action	137
	Research on Information-Processing Accounts of Motor Planning	147
	Motor Learning Based Intervention Strategies	154
	References	158
9.	A Theoretical Model of Ideation in Praxis	163
	Defining Ideation	164
	A Proposed Model of Ideation in Praxis	169
	References	179
10.	Praxis and Organization of Behavior in Time and Space	183
	Basic Concepts of Praxis and Organization of Behavior	184
	Temporal and Spatial Aspects of Organization of Behavior	186
	Integrating Space and Time to Organize Behavior	190
	A Conceptual Model of Praxis and Organization of Behavior	194
	Applications to Occupational Therapy	196
	References	199
	Additional Readings	200
Part II.	Clinical Applications
11.	Clinical Reasoning and the Use of Narrative in Sensory Integration Assessment and Intervention	203
	Introduction	203
	Clinical Reasoning as it Looks in Action	204
	Clinical Reasoning in Occupational Therapy	206
	Applying Principles to Sensory Integration	207
	References	213
12.	Assessment of Sensory Integration and Praxis	215
	Evaluating Sensory Integration and Praxis Within the Context of Occupational Therapy	216
	References	230
	Additional Readings	234
Appendix 12-A	A Few Words About Formal Evaluations	235
Appendix 12-B	OTA-Watertown Clinical Assessment Worksheet	237
Appendix 12-C	Structured Clinical Observations: Application to Diverse Populations	243
Appendix 12-D	Overview of Selected Sensory Integration Assessment Instruments	245
13.	Clinical Applications in Sensory Modulation Dysfunction: Assessment and Intervention Considerations	247
	The Ecological Model of Sensory Modulation	247
	The Assessment and Intervention Process in SMD	248
	References	264
Appendix 13A	Description of Assessments Used in Evaluation of SMD at the STAR Center at The Children's Hospital in Denver, CO	267
Appendix 13B	SMD Behavior During Testing Checklist	269
Appendix 13C	Parent Interview for Children With SMD	271
Appendix 13D	Sample Goal Attainment Scale for Kamon	273
14.	Sensory Integration With High-Risk Infants and Young Children	275
	The Unique Opportunities and Challenges of Infancy and Early Childhood	275
	A Model for Viewing the Infant From the Sensory Integration Perspective	277
	Problem Setting: Assessment of High-Risk Infants and Young Children With Sensory Integrative Dysfunction	284
	Basic Principles of Sensory Integrative Intervention for Infants and Young Children	293
	Using Play With Young Children	295
	References	296
	Additional Readings	300
Appendix 14-A	Selected Assessment Instruments	301
Appendix 14-B	The Sensory Integration Observation Guide	307
15.	Sensory Integration and Visual Deficits, Including Blindness	313
	The Holistic Nature of Vision	313
	Visual Components	315
	Functional Vision Deficits	318
	Visual Dysfunction in Children With Disabilities	318
	Role of Sensory Integration in Vision	321
	Ramifications of Severe Visual Impairment and Blindness	333
	Using Sensory Integration Intervention Principles With Children With Visual Impairment and Blindness	336
	Sticking Points	341
	References	342
16.	Sensory Integration and the Child With Cerebral Palsy	345
	Clinical Picture of Sensory Processing Deficits in the Child With CP	346
	General Principles of Assessment and Intervention	347
	Specific Sensory Processing Deficits Presented by Children With CP	351
	References	363
17.	Sensory Integrative Principles in Intervention With Children With Autistic Disorder	365
	Definitions and Incidence	365
	Current Research	366
	Relevance of Sensory Integrative Theory to Autistic Disorder	368
	Assessment, Intervention, and Measurement of Outcome Continuum: Case Example	377
	Comparing Sensory Integration to Other Approaches	380
	References	382
18.	The Effects of Deprivation on Processing, Play, and Praxis	385
	Factors Needed for Development	386
	Institutionalization: The Effects of Deprivation	387
	Prognosis	399
	Intervention	399
	Intervention Strategies and Implications of Research for Intervention	403
	References	404
	Additional Readings	408
19.	Sensory Integration and Fragile X Syndrome	409
	General Characteristics	410
	General Behavioral Challenges	411
	Sensory Processing Characteristics	412
	Assessment	413
	Intervention Options	414
	References	420
20.	Transformative Occupations and Long-Range Adaptive Responses	421
	Seeking Enjoyable Experiences for Their Sensory Value	422
	Restorative Niches	423
	References	431
	Additional Readings	433