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List of Plates and Tables xi
Note on Transliteration and Translation xiii
Acknowledgments xv
1 Knowledge and Competing Discourses in Organizations 1
JCars in Context 1
Models of the Japanese Workplace 6
The Workplace as Community 8
Discursive Formation of Community 9
Hierarchy in Action 12
Organization of This Book 13
2 Fieldwork and Methodology 17
Bodies and Knowledge 17
Tsūkin (Commute) 20
Kaisha (Company) 22
Why Study JCars? 24
Multiple Positions and Feelings 25
Friendships, Worldview, Intersubjectivity, and Ethnography 29
Techniques of Data Collection 37
Inside the Office 38
Outside the Office 42
Official Contexts 42
Casual Contexts 42
Email in Research Settings: As Method and Topic 43
Summary of Methodology 44
3 Gender Segregation and the Japanese Labor Market: Equal Employment Opportunity Law 47
Office Workers 48
Salary Man and Office Lady 48
Gender Segregation in the Japanese Labor Market 50
Management Reforms in the 1970s: Utilizing Women's Power 53
Women's Ratio of Participation in Various Professions, 1990-2005 54
The Status of Female Workers 55
Exclusion from Employment in Large Companies 55
Equal Employment Opportunity Law (EEOL) 58
Introduction of the Career Tracking System, EEOL (1986) 59
EEOL Enacted (1997), Enforced (1999) 62
The Company, Society, and EEOL 64
Economic Downturn and Restructuring in the 1990s 66
Social and Structural Effects 66
Restructuring in the Manufacturing Sector 68
Implications of Restructuring 69
Women's Status Reconsidered 70
4 Firm Entry, Tracking System, Careers, Status Negotiation 75
Recruitment 75
The Annual Business Plan and the RecruitmentProject 75
Firm Entry via Personal Connections: Quality of the Worker 76
Recruiting Female Junior College Graduates 79
Allocation to Departments: Suitability 80
Recruiting Female University Graduates via Career Track 81
Recruiting Men 81
Disabled Workers 83
The Tracking System 88
Experience of Positions in Clerical and Career Tracks 88
Restructuring: Job Equality between Clerical and Career Track-Occupational Role 92
Converting to the Career Track 95
EEOL's Effects on Women's Long-Term Career Aspirations 98
Women and Men's Talk of Male Careers 100
Personality and Appearance of New Recruits 103
Female Office Workers, Meaning, and Discourses 110
Glamor 110
Independence 111
Career Woman or Office Worker 112
Summary: Discourses of Status 113
5 Linguistic Spaces of Vertical and Horizontal Organization 117
JCar's Social Structure = Nakane's Model 117
Vertical Relations: The Tutor System 120
Job Supervision 120
Sister Tutelage 122
Dōki Groups 132
Summary: Ideals and Experience, Uniting Theory and Practice 138
6 Temporal Dimensions of Symbolic Community 145
The Urban Commute 145
Time, Work, Life Course 146
Daily Regulation of Time 147
Overtime: Cultural Meanings 148
Loyalty of Junior Workers 150
Western-Style Section Head 153
Self-Maintenance and Embodiment 153
Gift-Giving 156
O-miyage 156
O-Chūgen and O-seibo 158
Senpai no Ogori 159
Organized Events 160
Summary: Fostering a JCars Community 161
7 Spatial Practices and Hierarchy 165
Characteristics of Hierarchy 166
Rigid and Flexible Hierarchy 169
Relocation 169
Global Hierarchy 170
Office Parties 171
Drink and Interaction 172
Role of Hierarchy in the Open Plan Office 172
Efficiency 172
Surveillance 173
Transparency 174
Gendered Spaces: Tea Room and Changing Room 176
Surveillance-Slipping Away 176
Undecided Space 179
Tea Making 179
Cleaning Duties 180
Exclusivity: By Gender 181
Exclusivity: Power among Women 181
Smokers 183
Refusal to Clean Desks and Ashtrays 184
Summary: Hierarchy and the Different Production of Meanings 185
8 Spatial Practices of Mēru and Bulletin Board 189
Installation of IT Systems 191
Practice of Economic Diversion 194
Mēru: A Web of Activity 197
Romance 198
Friendships 201
Public and Private in Spatial Practice 203
Demarcation through Embodied Practices 203
Practices of Detection: Mēru Monitoring 205
Co-Workers as "Other" 207
Seken 207
Mēru and Seken 211
The Disorderly Community 211
Intermission 215
Conclusions 217
Closing 217
Impossibility of Closure 225
Appendix 231
Appendix 1 Brief Timeline of Multisited Fieldwork 231
Appendix 2 A Graph to Show the Labor Force Participation Rate of Women by Country and Age Group, 1997 232
Appendix 3 Uranai, Fortune Telling Based on One's Life Course 233
Glossary 235
Notes 239
Selected Bibliography 257
Index 281
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