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Preface xvii
Part I Introduction 1
1 Basic Calculations 3
Introduction 3
Units and Dimensions 3
Conversion of Units 7
The Gravitational Constant, gc 8
Significant Figures and Scientific Notation 8
References 9
2 Process Variables 11
Introduction 11
Temperature 12
Pressure 14
Moles and Molecular Weights 15
Mass and Volume 20
Viscosity 21
Heat Capacity 23
Thermal Conductivity 24
Reynolds Number 25
pH 26
Vapor Pressure 27
Property Estimation 28
References 29
3 Gas Laws 31
Introduction 31
Boyle's and Charles' Laws 32
The Ideal Gas Law 33
Standard Conditions 36
Partial Pressure and Partial Volume 38
Critical and Reduced Properties 40
Non-Ideal Gas Behavior 42
Non-Ideal Mixtures 48
References 50
4 Conservation Laws 53
Introduction 53
The Conservation Laws 54
The Conservation Law for Momentum 56
The Conservation Law for Mass 58
The Conservation Law for Energy 65
References 71
5 Stoichiometry 73
Introduction 73
Combustion of Methane 74
Excess and Limiting Reactant(s) 75
Combustion of Ethane 76
Combustion of Chlorobenzene 80
References 87
6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 89
Introduction 89
Qualitative Review of the Second Law 90
Quantitative Review of the Second Law 91
Ideal Work and Lost Work 95
The Heat Exchanger Dilemma 99
Chemical Plant and Process Applications 107
The Third Law of Thermodynamics 109
References 110
Part II Enthalpy Effects 113
7 Sensible Enthalpy Effects 115
Introduction 115
The Gibbs Phase Rule (GPR) 115
Enthalpy Values 118
Heat Capacity Values 121
Predictive Methods for Heat Capacity 134
References 136
8 Latent Enthalpy Effects 137
Introduction137
The Clausius-Clapeyron (C-C) Equation 138
Predictive Methods: Normal Boiling Point 144
Predictive Methods: Other Temperatures 147
Industrial Applications 148
References 153
9 Enthalpy of Mixing Effects 155
Introduction 155
Enthalpy-Concentration Diagrams 155
H2SO4-H2O Diagram 158
NaOH-H2O Diagram 160
Enthalpy of Mixing at Infinite Dilution 162
Evaporator Design 165
References 167
10 Chemical Reaction Enthalpy Effects 169
Introduction 169
Standard Enthalpy of Formation 170
Standard Enthalpy of Reaction 171
Effect of Temperature on Enthalpy of Reaction 178
Gross and Net Heating Values 191
References 197
Part III Equilibrium Thermodynamics 199
11 Phase Equilibrium Principles 201
Introduction 201
Psychometric Chart 203
Raoult's Law 209
Henry's Law 213
Raoult's Law vs Henry's Law 218
Vapor-Solid Equilibrium 222
Liquid-Solid Equilibrium 228
References 229
12 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Calculations 231
Introduction 231
The DePriester Charts 234
Raoult's Law Diagrams 243
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Nonideal Solutions 249
NRTL Diagrams 253
Wilson Diagrams 262
Relative Volatility 266
References 268
13 Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Principles 269
Introduction 269
Standard Free Energy of Formation, ΔG0f 270
Standard Free Energy of Reaction, ΔG0 273
The Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Constant, K 276
Effect of Temperature on ΔG0 and K: Simplified Approach 278
Effect of Temperature on ΔG0 and K: α, β, and γ Data 280
Effect of Temperature on ΔG0 and K: a, b, and c Data 283
Procedures to Determine K 286
References 289
14 Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Applications 291
Introduction 291
Rate vs Equilibrium Considerations 292
Extent of Reaction 293
The Reaction Coordinate 295
Gas Phase Reactions 299
Equilibrium Conversion Calculations: Simplified Approach 302
Equilibrium Conversion Calculations: Rigorous Approach 306
Other Reactions 312
References 316
Part IV Other Topics 317
15 Economic Considerations 319
Introduction 319
Capital Costs 320
Operating Costs 323
Project Evaluation 324
Perturbation Studies in Optimization 325
References 332
16 Open-Ended Problems 333
Introduction 333
Developing Students' Power of Critical Thinking 335
Creativity 336
Brainstorming 337
Inquiring Minds 338
References 342
17 Other ABET Topics 343
Introduction 343
Environmental Management 343
Health, Safety, and Accident Management 348
Numerical Methods 356
Ethics 361
References 363
18 Fuel Options 365
Introduction 365
Fuel Properties 366
Natural Gas 368
Liquid Fuels 369
Coal 371
Fuel Selection 372
Stoichiometric Calculations 373
References 375
19 Exergy: The Concept of "Quality Energy" 377
Introduction 377
The Quality of Heat vs Work 377
Exergy 378
Quantitative Exergy Analysis 379
Environmental Impact 386
Exergy Efficiency 388
References 389
Appendix 391
I Steam Tables 391
A Saturated Steam 392
B Superheated Steam 395
C Saturated Steam-Ice 398
II SI Units 399
III Conversion Constants 402
IV Selected Common Abbreviations 405
References 407
Index 409
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