SETI 2020: A Roadmap for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Book

	SSTWG Members	iii
	Prologue	xxix
	Preface	xxxiii
	Executive Summary	xli
1	Introduction and History	1
1.1	Overview	1
1.2	Goals and Objectives of the SSTWG	7
1.3	Rationale	10
1.4	Value	13
1.5	The Road from Ozma	16
2	The Science of SETI	37
2.1	SETI Decision Tree	38
2.2	Life in our Solar System	38
2.3	Our Galaxy	42
2.4	Planets	44
2.5	Habitable Zones	51
2.6	Cosmic Background	54
2.7	Microwave Propagation and Coherence	60
2.8	Optical Propagation--Extinction and Smearing	61
2.9	Assessment of Scientific Risks	62
3	Interstellar Communication Engineering	67
3.1	Setting the Scene	68
3.2	Spectrum Choices	70
3.3	Microwave and Optical Bands Compared	74
3.4	The Microwave Band	76
3.5	The Infrared and Optical Bands	82
3.6	Summary	96
4	Statistics, Computers & Signal Processing	99
4.1	Signal Processing Stage	100
4.2	SETI Algorithms	101
4.3	Complicated Signals	105
4.4	Application of Statistics to SETI	106
5	ETI Sources and Search Strategies	111
5.1	Searching for an ETI Civilization	112
5.2	ETI Lifetimes and Distances	115
5.3	For what should we be Looking?	117
5.4	The Signature of Our Technology	118
5.5	Luminosity Function for ETIs	121
5.6	What to Look for in the Microwave	122
5.7	Strategies for Transmitters and Receivers	132
5.8	Game Theory	145
6	Technology for SETI	147
6.1	Approaches	148
6.2	Exponential Growth	148
6.3	Moore's Law	152
6.4	Microwave Technology	158
6.5	RFI Mitigation	158
6.6	Omnidirectional SETI System	162
6.7	Next Generation Sky Survey	170
6.8	Next Generation Targeted Search	180
6.9	Infrared/Optical Search Technology	200
6.10	Future Optical Searches	217
6.11	Multiple Target Optical SETI Instrumentation	221
6.12	Technological Risk	222
6.13	Technology Wild Cards	223
7	Conclusions & Recommendations	229
7.1	Conclusions	230
7.2	Recommendations	235
8	Budget and Implementation	239
8.1	Selection of Feasible Strategies	239
8.2	One Hectare Telescope	244
8.3	Omnidirectional SETI System (OSS)	255
8.4	Optical SETI	265
8.5	Resource Requirements	266
8.6	Strategic Implementation	270
9	Epilogue	277
9.1	Background	278
9.2	Responding to an Extraterrestrial Signal	278
9.3	Post Detection Searches	279
9.4	Societal Implications of Signal Detection	281
9.5	Further References	281
A	Cyclops Revisited	283
A.1	Cyclops Premises Revisited	284
A.2	Cyclops Conclusions Revisited	289
A.3	Things Not Considered	300
B	Beacons, Beacons and More Beacons	303
B.1	A Big Beacon	305
B.2	Mid-range Beacon	312
B.3	A Low Cost Personal Beacon	315
B.4	Adding a Beacon Capability to the SKA	315
B.5	A Simple Optical Beacon	317
B.6	Phased Array Optical Beacons	317
C	Amplifier Noise Temperatures	321
C.1	Introduction	321
C.2	Methodology and Assumptions	322
C.3	Results	327
C.4	Summary and Conclusions	327
D	A Wideband Reflector Feed for the SKA	329
D.1	The Log-Periodic Array	330
D.2	Conclusions	334
E	Optimum Small-Parabola for the SKA	335
E.1	Cost Model	336
E.2	Optimization	337
F	SETI Figure-of-Merit	339
F.1	Figure-of-Merit	340
F.2	Results	342
F.3	Conclusions	345
F.4	Further References	346
G	Thinking Big	347
G.1	Beacons and Beaming	350
G.2	The Optical Regime	352
H	Time and Frequency in SETI	355
H.1	Some General Aspects	355
H.2	Frequency and Frequency Stability	357
H.3	Frequency Standards and Clocks	359
H.4	Global Positioning System (GPS)	363
H.5	Multiple Antenna Microwave SETI Site	364
H.6	Spatially Separated SETI Sites	365
I	Exact Doppler Shift Removal	367
I.1	Introduction	367
I.2	Correction in the Time Domain	368
I.3	Using a Local Oscillator	369
I.4	A Numerical Example	370
I.5	Relativistic Doppler Shifts	372
I.6	Conclusions	372
J	The Fermi Paradox	373
K	Astrometry	375
K.1	Interferometry	375
K.2	CCD Astrometry	376
K.3	Hipparcos and FAME	377
K.4	Hubble Space Telescope	377
K.5	MAP and MAPS	377
K.6	Further References	379
L	Archive of SETI Searches	381
M	Pulse Broadening	427
M.1	Abstract	427
M.2	Summary of Radio Wave Scattering	428
M.3	Scattering from Grains	429
M.4	Detectability Distances	431
M.5	Further References	432
N	High Power Lasers	435
N.1	Introduction	435
N.2	CW Lasers	435
N.3	High Peak Power, Repetitively Pulsed Lasers	436
N.4	Coherent Aperture Combining	439
N.5	Further References	439
O	ETI Luminosity Functions	443
O.1	Sky Survey versus Targeted Search	443
O.2	Beacon Luminosity Function	451
O.3	No Luminosity Function if We Are Targeted	452
P	Miscellaneous Statistical Facts	455
Q	SSTWG Biographies	459
	Acronyms	473
	Glossary	485