Liberty, Order, and Justice: An Introduction to the Constitutional Principles of American Government Book

	Preface	xvii
Part 1.	The Constitution's Deep Roots	1
	The Meaning of Constitutional Government	2
	The Lamp of Experience	10
	The Constitutions of Antiquity	14
	English Origins of America's Constitution	22
	The Growth of Parliament	26
	The Challenge of Parliamentary Supremacy	28
	The Common Law Tradition	32
	The Republican Tradition and the Struggle for Constitutional Liberty	39
	The Influence of Continental Thinkers	47
	The Education of the Founders	49
	The French and American Revolutions Compared	52
	Suggested Reading	60
Appendix A.	Relevant Chapters of Magna Charta (1215)	63
Appendix B.	Petition of Right (1628)	75
Appendix C.	The English Bill of Rights (1689)	80
Part 2.	America's First Constitutions and Declarations of Rights	89
	Colonial Governments	92
	Relations with Great Britain	103
	Local Government in the Colonies	107
	Civil Liberties in the Colonies	108
	The Movement Toward Independence	111
	The Declaration of Independence	121
	The Rights Proclaimed	137
	The First State Constitutions, 1776-1783	141
	The Articles of Confederation	152
	Suggested Reading	164
Appendix A.	The Mayflower Compact	167
Appendix B.	Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	168
Appendix C.	Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress	171
Appendix D.	Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms	176
Appendix E.	The Declaration of Independence (1776)	183
Appendix F.	Virginia Bill of Rights	188
Appendix G.	Thoughts on Government	191
Appendix H.	Massachusetts Constitution of 1780	199
Appendix I.	Articles of Confederation (1778)	230
Part 3.	The Achievement of the Philadelphia Convention	241
	The Problems of the Convention	242
	The Delegates to the Convention	246
	A Wide Range of Talents	248
	Plans and Progress at Philadelphia	253
	The Meaning of "Federal"	255
	The Virginia Plan: A Supreme National Government	257
	Hamilton's Concept of a Unified America	259
	The New Jersey Plan: Checks upon Central Power	262
	The Benefits of Compromise	263
	Compromise and Consensus	269
	Suggested Reading	273
Appendix A.	Virginia Plan	275
Appendix B.	New Jersey Plan	278
Appendix C.	Constitution of the United States of America (1787)	281
Part 4.	Basic Constitutional Concepts: Federalism, Separation of Powers, and Rule of Law	295
A.	Federalism	297
	Powers Delegated to Congress	299
	Powers Denied to Congress	300
	Powers Denied to the States	301
	The Division of Powers	302
	The Supremacy Clause	306
	National and State Obligations	307
	Obligations of the National Government to the States	308
	Obligations of the States to the National Government	309
	Obligations of the States to Each Other	309
	The Role of the States in the Amendment Process	310
	The Federalism Factor	311
	The Advantages of Federalism	316
	The Future of Federalism	321
B.	The Separation of Powers	327
	Checks and Balances	331
	Checks upon the Congress	332
	Checks upon the President	333
	Checks upon the Judiciary	333
	The Independence of Congress	334
	The Independence of the President	334
	The Independence of the Judiciary	335
	Summary and Review	335
	Separation of Powers: A Critical Evaluation	337
	Separation of Powers at the Crossroads	341
C.	The Rule of Law	347
	The Basic Principles of the American Constitution	351
	Suggested Reading	354
Appendix A.	The Federalist No. 10	357
Appendix B.	The Federalist No. 45	365
Appendix C.	The Federalist No. 47	371
Part 5.	Defending the Constitution: The Struggle over Ratification and the Bill of Rights	381
A.	The Anti-Federalist Persuasion	385
	The Constitution Establishes a Consolidated Empire	385
	The Constitution Establishes an Aristocracy	386
	The Constitution Confers Too Much Power	389
	An Imperial Congress	389
	An Elected Monarch	390
	An Omnipotent Judiciary	391
B.	The Federalist Response	392
	The Constitution Limits and Distributes Power	393
	Congress Is Not an Oligarchy	398
	The President Is Not a King	400
	The Judiciary Is the Least Dangerous Branch	400
	Whether a Bill of Rights Was Necessary	401
	The Clash of Values	403
C.	The Bill of Rights	409
Amendment 1	Religious Freedom, and Freedom to Speak, Print, Assemble, and Petition	415
Amendment 2	The Right to Bear Arms	419
Amendment 3	Quartering Troops	419
Amendment 4	Search and Seizure	420
Amendment 5	Rights of Persons	420
Amendment 6	Rights of the Accused	421
Amendment 7	Trial by Jury in Civil Cases	422
Amendment 8	Bail and Cruel and Unusual Punishments	422
Amendment 9	Rights Retained by the People	423
Amendment 10	Rights Retained by the States	425
	Rights Versus Duties	426
	Suggested Reading	427
Appendix A.	The Address and Reasons of Dissent of the Minority of the Convention of the State of Pennsylvania to Their Constituents	429
Appendix B.	Northwest Ordinance (1787)	454
Part 6.	Interpreting and Preserving the Constitution	463
	Principles of Statutory Construction	465
	The Doctrine of Judicial Review	476
	The Supreme Court as Final Interpreter	486
	The States as Final Interpreters	490
	Strict Versus Loose Construction	495
	The Independence of the Judiciary	500
A.	Origins of Judicial Independence	501
B.	The Judicial Power	508
C.	Jurisdiction	511
	Suggested Reading	516
Appendix A.	Marbury v. Madison	519
Appendix B.	Martin v. Hunter's Lessee	526
Appendix C.	Washington's Farewell Address (1796)	533
Part 7.	Changing the Constitution--Together with an Explanation of the Amendments Added Since 1791	551
	Our Living Constitution	552
	Our Changing Constitution	556
	Amending the Constitution	560
	The Limits of the Amending Power	563
	The Amended Constitution	566
A.	Amendment XI (1798)	566
B.	Amendment XII (1804)	567
C.	Amendment XIII (1865)	569
D.	Amendment XIV (1868)	570
E.	Amendment XV (1870)	575
F.	Amendment XVI (1913)	577
G.	Amendment XVII (1913)	578
H.	Amendment XVIII (1919)	582
I.	Amendment XIX (1920)	583
J.	Amendment XX (1933)	583
K.	Amendment XXI (1933)	585
L.	Amendment XXII (1951)	585
M.	Amendment XXIII (1961)	586
N.	Amendment XXIV (1964)	587
O.	Amendment XXV (1967)	587
P.	Amendment XXVI (1971)	589
Q.	Amendment XXVII (1992)	590
	Conclusion	594
	Suggested Reading	600
	Index	603