Quantitative Analysis Book

	Editorial Note	9
Chapter I.	Introduction
1.	The Subject of Quantitative Analysis	11
2.	Methods of Quantitative Analysis	12
3.	The Analytical Balance	16
4.	Sensitivity, Stability, Accuracy and Precision of the Balance	22
5.	Rules for Handling the Analytical Balance	25
6.	Weighing	26
7.	The Damped Balance and Its Use	29
8.	Elimination of the Effect of Unequal Arm Length. Reduction of the Weight of an Object to Its True Value in a Vacuum	33
9.	Calibration of Weights	35
10.	General Comments on Work in a Laboratory for Quantitative Analysis	37
11.	Preparation of Substances for Analysis	39
12.	Laboratory Vessels and Their Preparation for Analysis	41
13.	Errors in Quantitative Analysis	43
14.	Treatment of Analytical Results	48
15.	Calculations in Quantitative Analysis	53
	Questions and Problems (on [sections] 1-15)	56
Chapter II.	Gravimetric Analysis
16.	The Principle of Gravimetric Analysis	59
17.	Requirements for Precipitates. Choice of Precipitant	60
18.	Amount of Precipitant	63
19.	Effect of Excess Precipitant on Completeness of Precipitation	66
20.	The Salt Effect	69
21.	Effect of Temperature on Completeness of Precipitation	74
22.	Effect of Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) on Completeness of Precipitation	76
23.	Effect of Complex Formation on Completeness of Precipitation. Masking	83
24.	Amorphous and Crystalline Precipitates	86
25.	Conditions for Formation of Crystalline Precipitates	89
26.	Conditions for Formation of Amorphous Precipitates	92
27.	Coprecipitation	94
28.	Decrease of Coprecipitation	103
29.	Filtration	105
30.	Washing of Precipitates	108
31.	Drying and Ignition of Precipitates	112
32.	Calculation of Gravimetric Results	116
33.	Taking the Sample	119
34.	Dissolution. Fusion	120
35.	Separation of Ions in Quantitative Analysis	123
	Questions and Problems (on [sections] 16-35)	135
Chapter III.	Examples of Gravimetric Determinations
36.	Determination of Water of Crystallisation in Barium Chloride	140
37.	Determination of Hygroscopic Water	143
38.	Determination of Barium in Barium Chloride	144
39.	Determination of Sulphur in Sulphuric Acid Solution	148
40.	Determination of Chlorine in Barium Chloride	149
41.	Determination of Iron in Ferric Chloride Solution (III)	152
42.	Determination of Aluminium in Alum	154
43.	Determination of Calcium in Calcium Carbonate	156
44.	Determination of Carbon Dioxide in Calcium Carbonate	159
45.	Determination of Magnesium in Magnesium Sulphate	162
46.	Determination of Phosphate in Sodium Phosphate	166
47.	Determination of Calcium and Magnesium When Present Together	167
48.	Determination of Nickel in Steel	168
	Questions and Problems ([sections] 36-48)	171
Chapter IV.	Volumetric Analysis
49.	The Principle of Volumetric Analysis	174
50.	Requirements for Reactions Used in Volumetric Analysis	175
51.	Classification of Methods of Volumetric Analysis	178
52.	Volume Measurement	179
53.	Calibration of Measuring Vessels	185
54.	Preparation of Standard Solutions	188
55.	Normality of Solutions. Gram-Equivalent	191
56.	Calculation of the Results of Volumetric Determinations	197
57.	Calculations in Preparation and Dilution of Solutions	202
	Questions and Problems (on [sections] 49-57)	206
Chapter V.	The Neutralisation Method
58.	The Principle of the Neutralisation Method	211
59.	Indicators for the Neutralisation Method	215
60.	Theory of Indicators	217
61.	Indicator Range	223
62.	Titration Curves. Titration of Strong Acids with Strong Alkalies (or Vice Versa)	229
63.	Titration of Weak Acids with Strong Alkalies (or Vice Versa)	234
64.	Titration of Weak Bases with Strong Acids (or Vice Versa)	242
65.	Titration of Weak Acids with Weak Bases (or Vice Versa)	244
66.	Buffer Action	247
67.	Indicator Error in Titration	249
68.	Titration of Dibasic and Polybasic Acids	254
69.	Titration of Salt Solutions	259
70.	Effects of Various Factors on Indicator Changes	264
	Questions and Problems (on [sections] 58-70)	268
Chapter VI.	Examples of Determinations by the Neutralisation Method
71.	Preparation of Standard HC1 Solution	271
72.	Determination of Alkali in a Solution	275
73.	Determination of NaOH and Na[subscript 2]CO[subscript 3] in the Same Solution	275
74.	Determination of the Hardness of Water	278
75.	Preparation of Standard NaOH Solution	281
76.	Determinations of Acids	284
77.	Determination of Ammonia in Ammonium Salts	284
	Questions and Problems (on [sections] 71-77)	287
Chapter VII.	Oxidation-Reduction Methods (Oxidimetry)
78.	Oxidation Potentials and Reaction Direction	290
79.	Influence of Concentrations and the Reaction of the Medium	295
80.	Equilibrium Constants of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	300
81.	Oxidation-Reduction Titration Curves	303
82.	Indicators Used in Oxidation-Reduction Methods	308
83.	Rate of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	312
84.	Side Reactions in Oxidation-Reduction Titrations	316
	Questions and Problems (on [sections] 78-84)	319
	Permanganate Titrations
85.	General Principles of the Method	321
86.	Preparation and Storage of Standard KMnO[subscript 4] Solution	322
87.	Standardisation of KMnO[subscript 4] Solution	323
88.	Determination of Ferrous Iron, Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitrites	325
89.	Determination of Iron in Ferric Chloride Solution	327
90.	Determination of Chromium in Potassium Dichromate Solution	330
91.	Determination of Calcium in Calcium Carbonate	332
92.	Determination of Manganese in Steel (or Cast Iron)	334
	Dichromate Titrations
93.	General Principles of the Method	337
94.	Determination of Iron in an Ore	339
	Iodometry
95.	General Principles of the Method	341
96.	Preparation of Standard Solutions	346
97.	Standardisation of Na[subscript 2]S[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] Solution	349
98.	Determination of Active Chlorine in Bleaching Powder	352
99.	Determination of Copper in Copper Sulphate	353
100.	Determination of Arsenic in Sodium Arsenite Solution	354
101.	Determination of Sodium Sulphite	356
	Bromatometry
102.	General Principles of the Method	357
103.	Determination of Antimony in Tartar Emetic	358
104.	Determination of Magnesium in a Solution of Mg Salt	359
	Questions and Problems (on [sections] 85-104)	362
Chapter VIII.	Methods of Precipitation and Complex Formation
105.	General Principles	366
106.	Titration Curves in the Precipitation Method	367
107.	Methods of Determining the Equivalence Point	371
108.	Adsorption Effects in Titration. Adsorption Indicators	375
109.	Standardisation of Silver Nitrate Solution by the Mohr Method	379
110.	Standardisation of Ammonium Thiocyanate Solution	381
111.	Thiocyanate Determination of Halides	382
112.	Determination of Halides by Titration with Silver Nitrate in Presence of Adsorption Indicators	383
113.	Mercurometric Determination of Chlorides	384
114.	Mercurimetric Determination of Chlorides	386
115.	Determination of Zinc by Precipitation with Potassium Ferrocyanide	387
116.	Complexometric Determination of the Total Hardness of Water	389
	Questions and Problems (on [sections] 105-116)	392
Chapter IX.	Colorimetry
117.	The Principle of the Method	394
118.	Laws of the Absorption of Light by Solutions	398
119.	Conditions for Applicability of the Lambert-Beer Law. Influence of the Medium pH	401
120.	Influence of Extraneous Ions on the Colour of Solutions	403
121.	Methods of Colour Comparison	406
122.	Colorimeters	411
123.	Photocolorimetry	413
124.	Determination of Copper in Copper Sulphate Solution	416
125.	Determination of Titanium in Titanium Sulphate Solution	417
126.	Determination of Iron in a Solution of an Iron Salt	418
127.	Determination of Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)	423
	Questions and Problems (on [sections] 117-127)	429
Chapter X.	Electrochemical Methods of Analysis
128.	General Principles of Electrogravimetric Analysis	431
129.	Chemical Processes During Electrolysis	432
130.	The Laws of Electrolysis	434
131.	Decomposition Voltage	436
132.	Electrolytic Separation of Metals	441
133.	Effect of Solution pH	443
134.	Significance of Current Density in Electrolysis. Accelerated Electrolysis	445
135.	Determination of Copper in Copper Sulphate Solution	448
136.	Separation and Determination of Copper and Nickel in Solution	452
137.	Separation of Ions at a Mercury Cathode. Determination of Titanium in Steel	454
138.	Internal Electrolysis	456
139.	The Principle of the Polarographic Method of Analysis	459
	Questions and Problems (on [sections] 128-139)	463
	Appendices
I.	Atomic Weights	466
II.	Dissociation Constants and Strength Exponents (pK) of Some Weak Electrolytes	468
III.	Solubilities and Solubility Products of Some Sparingly Soluble Electrolytes at Room Temperature	470
IV.	Instability Constants of Certain Complexes	472
V.	Specific Gravities of Solutions of Strong Acids, Alkalies and Ammonia at 15[degree]C	473
VI.	Standard Oxidation Potentials	474
VII.	Buffer Mixtures for pH Determination	476
VIII.	Values of t[subscript alpha] for Different Values of Confidence ([alpha]) and Different Numbers of Determinations (n)	477
IX.	Logarithms	478
X.	Antilogarithms	481
	Index	484