Introduction To Electro-Optical Imaging And Tracking Systems Book

	Preface
Ch. 1	Historical Development	1
1.1	Introduction	1
1.2	Early Activity	3
1.3	Invention of the Telescope and the Microscope	5
1.4	Particle Theory and Wave Theory of Light	7
1.5	The Line Spectra of Atoms	11
1.6	Electricity and Magnetism	11
1.7	Electromagnetic Theory	12
1.8	Maxwell's Equations	13
1.9	Photography and Motion Pictures	14
1.10	Optical Physics in the Twentieth Century	16
1.11	Planck's Theory of Radiation	17
1.12	Quantum Mechanics	19
1.13	Optical Detectors	20
1.14	Electronics and Signal Processing	22
1.15	Fiber Optics	23
1.16	The Laser	23
1.17	Holography	24
1.18	Electro-Optical Sensors	25
1.19	Astronomy and the Development of Large Optical Sensors	26
1.20	Advances in Telescopes	27
1.21	Contemporary Optical Sensors	30
Ch. 2	Optical Radiation	37
2.2	Quantities of Radiation and Units	39
2.3	Blackbody Radiation	44
2.4	Planck's Radiation Formula	46
2.5	Radiation from a Surface	52
2.6	Point Source	55
2.7	Surface Irradiance	56
2.8	Wavelength Dependence of Signal Power	61
2.9	External Radiation Sources	62
2.10	Surface Reflectivity	65
2.11	Target Radiation Signature	68
Ch. 3	Atmospheric Transmission	69
3.2	Atmosphere, Temperature, and Pressure Profiles	71
3.3	Pressure and Temperature	71
3.4	Atmospheric Constituents	74
3.5	Optical Properties of the Atmosphere	75
3.6	Rayleigh Scattering	78
3.7	Aerosol Scattering	81
3.8	Numerical Calculation	82
3.9	Atmospheric Turbulence	95
3.10	Adaptive Optics and Signal Processing	104
Ch. 4	Spectral, Spatial, and Temporal Variations in Infrared Backgrounds	107
4.2	Background Spectral Radiance	108
4.3	Reflection and Emissivity Characteristics for Identification	113
4.4	Background Spatial Radiance	115
4.5	Generation of a Background Spatial Radiance Model	121
4.6	Background Statistics	121
4.7	Limitations on Measurement Data	122
4.8	Background Spatial Correlation in Two or More Spectral Bands	124
4.9	Temporal Variations in Background	126
Ch. 5	Detection and Discrimination in Electro-Optical Sensors	133
5.2	Analysis of the Detection Process	135
5.3	Detection Criteria	146
5.4	Probability of Detection	147
Ch. 6	Electro-Optical System Design and Performance Equations	159
6.2	Basic Equations	159
6.3	Noise Equivalent Flux Density	171
6.4	Spectral Emittance of a Target	171
6.5	Noise Equivalent Temperature	174
6.6	Minimum Resolvable Temperature	177
6.7	Image Quality Considerations	181
6.8	Experimental Results	184
6.9	Numerical Example of MRT Calculation	186
6.10	Summary	191
Ch. 7	Electro-Optical Systems Applications	193
7.2	Infrared Search and Tracking Systems	193
7.3	Infrared Target Tracking	195
7.4	Examples of Electro-Optical Scanning and Staring Sensors	198
7.5	Spaceborne Imaging Systems	205
Ch. 8	Laser Radar Systems	221
8.2	Performance Calculations	223
8.3	Laser Beam Larger than Target	225
8.4	Floodlight Laser Radar Systems	226
8.5	Laser Radar Receivers	228
8.6	Probability of Detection	231
8.7	Speckled Targets	233
8.8	Probability of False Alarms and Time Between False Alarms	235
8.9	Laser Radar Measurements	237
8.10	Signal-to-Noise Ratio Computation	240
8.11	Ground Backscattering and Interference Signals	244
8.12	Numerical Example of a Spaceborne Laser Radar System	249
	Index	253