The Jewish World in the Modern Age Book

	Introduction	9
1.	Politics and Community in Eastern Europe	11
	Introduction	11
	Life Under the Czars	12
	The Pale of Settlement	12
	Nicholas I	13
	Alexander II	15
	The May Laws	16
	The Bund: A Mass Jewish Socialist Movement	18
	Nicholas II	20
	Russian Revolution	22
	Joseph Stalin	24
	Nikita Khrushchev	26
	Leonid Brezhnev and the Refuseniks	26
	Mikhail Gorbachev and the Collapse of the Soviet Union	28
	Boris Yeltsin	28
	Vladimir Putin	28
	Summary	29
2.	Politics and Community in Western and Central Europe	39
	Introduction	39
	France	39
	On the Eve of the Revolution	39
	Jews on the Eve of the Revolution	40
	The French Revolution	41
	Emancipation of French Jews	42
	The Reign of Terror	43
	Assembly of Jewish Notables	43
	The Great Sanhedrin	44
	Napoleon's Decrees	44
	Fall of Napoleon	45
	Congress of Vienna	45
	Germany	46
	Habsburg Empire	47
	Metternich	48
	1848 Revolutions	49
	Emancipation of the Jews	49
	England	50
	Summary	52
3.	Cultural and Intellectual History	67
	Introduction	67
	Englightenment and the Jews: Western Europe	67
	Englightenment and the Jews: Eastern Europe	69
	Yiddish Literature	72
	The Musar Movement	73
	Talmud Study and the Yeshivot	75
	Jewish Philosophy	78
	Biblical Exegesis	78
	Kabbalah and Jewish Ethics	79
	Summary	79
4.	Religious Reform	91
	Introduction	91
	Reform Judaism	91
	Reform Judaism in America	93
	Positive-Historical Judaism: Zechariah Frankel	96
	Conservative Judaism	97
	Reconstructionist Judaism	101
	Neo-Orthodoxy: Samson Raphael Hirsch	102
	Orthodox Judaism in America	105
	Summary	107
5.	Hasidism	121
	Introduction	121
	Turning Point in Poland	121
	The Ba'al Shem Tov	121
	Students of the Ba'al Shem Tov	122
	The Zaddik	122
	Devekut	123
	Opposition to Hasidism	123
	Hasidism in the 19th and 20th Centuries	124
	Summary	128
6.	Holocaust	133
	The Weimar Republic	133
	Hitler's Rise to Power	133
	Boycott	135
	Anti-Jewish Legislation	136
	The Nuremberg Laws	137
	Emigration	138
	More Anti-Jewish Activity	139
	Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass")	140
	Invasion of Poland	141
	Ghettos	142
	Judenrat	143
	Death Camps	145
	Summary	148
7.	Zionism	161
	Forerunners of Zionism	161
	Theodor Herzl	162
	First Zionist Congress	164
	Labor Zionism	165
	Religious Zionism	166
	Balfour Declaration	166
	Arab Nationalism	167
	World War II	169
	End of British Mandate	170
	Summary	171
8.	The State of Israel	183
	Establishment of the State	183
	Declaration of Independence	183
	War of Independence	183
	Formation of Government	184
	The Arab-Israeli Conflict	186
	Peace Treaties
	Israel and Egypt	192
	Israel and the PLO--the Oslo Accords	193
	Israel and Jordan	194
	Summary	195
9.	The Jews in America	207
	Early Settlement	207
	Jews and the American Revolution	208
	German Jewry in America	208
	East European Immigration	210
	World War I and the Russian Revolution	215
	The Great Depression	218
	President Roosevelt and the New Deal	218
	Anti-Semitism in the Roosevelt Years	219
	America and the Holocaust	219
	Jews in America in the 1950s	220
	Anti-Semitism in the 1950s	221
	Jews in America in the 1960s	222
	Jews and the Civil Rights Movement	223
	Jews in America in the 1970s and 1980s	224
	Jews in America From 1990 to 2003	225
	Summary	227
10.	The Jews in Canada	255
	Early Settlement	255
	Anti-Semitism before World War II	257
	Canada and the Holocaust	257
	Anti-Semitism after World War II	257
	Synagogues	258
	Jewish Education	259
	Major Jewish Organizations	260
	Jews in Canadian Politics	261
	Jews in the Judiciary	262
	Summary	262
	Bibliography	271
	Index	275