Principles of Politics Applicable to All Governments Book

	Translator's Note
	Acknowledgments
	Introduction
Bk. I	On Received Ideas About the Scope of Political Authority	1
1	The purpose of this work	3
2	Rousseau's first principle on the origin of political authority	6
3	Rousseau's second principle on the scope of political authority	8
4	Rousseau's arguments for boundless political authority	15
5	That Rousseau's error comes from his wanting to distinguish the prerogatives of society from those of the government	17
6	The consequences of Rousseau's theory	19
7	On Hobbes	21
8	Hobbes's opinion reproduced	23
9	On the inconsistency with which Rousseau has been reproached	24
Bk. II	On the Principles to Replace Received Ideas on the Extent of Political Authority	29
1	On the limitation of political authority	31
2	On the rights of the majority	32
3	On the organization of government when political power is not limited	35
4	Objection to the possibility of limiting political authority	36
5	On the limits of political authority restricted to a minimum	38
6	On individual rights when political authority is thus restricted	39
7	On the principle of utility substituted for the idea of individual rights	39
Bk. III	On Arguments and Hypotheses in Favor of the Extension of Political Authority	45
1	On the extension of political authority beyond its necessary minimum, on the grounds of utility	47
2	On the hypotheses without which extension of political authority is illegitimate	49
3	Are governors necessarily less liable to error than the governed?	50
4	Are governmental mistakes less dangerous than those of individuals?	55
5	On the nature of the means political authority can use on the grounds of utility	57
Bk. IV	On the Proliferation of the Laws	61
1	Natural causes of the proliferation of the laws	63
2	The idea which usually develops about the effects which the proliferation of the laws has and the falsity of that idea	63
3	That the principal benefit which supporters of democratic government are looking for in the proliferation of the laws does not exist	65
4	On the corruption which the proliferation of the laws causes among the agents of the government	66
5	Another drawback of the proliferation of the laws	67
Bk. V	On Arbitrary Measures	71
1	On arbitrary measures and why people have always protested less about them than about attacks on property	73
2	On the grounds for arbitrary measures and the prerogative of preventing crimes	74
3	Specious argument in support of arbitrary government	77
4	On the effect of arbitrary measures in terms of moral life, industry, and the duration of governments	78
5	On the influence of arbitrary rule on the governors themselves	80
Bk. VI	On Coups d'Etat	83
1	On the admiration for coups d'Etat	85
2	On coups d'Etat in countries with written constitutions	89
3	The condition necessary to stop constitutional violations	93
Bk. VII	On Freedom of Thought	101
1	The object of the following three books	103
2	On freedom of thought	103
3	On the expression of thought	105
4	Continuation of the same subject	112
5	Continuation of the same subject	117
6	Some necessary explication	123
7	Final observations	124
Bk. VIII	On Religious Freedom	129
1	Why religion was so often attacked by the men of the Enlightenment	131
2	On civil intolerance	135
3	On the proliferation of sects	137
4	On the maintenance of religion by government against the spirit of inquiry	139
5	On the reestablishment of religion by government	140
6	On the axiom that the people must have a religion	141
7	On the utilitarian case for religion	142
8	Another effect of the axiom that the people must have a religion	143
9	On tolerance when government gets involved	144
10	On the persecution of a religious belief	144
Bk. IX	On Legal Safeguards	149
1	On the independence of the courts	151
2	On the abridgment of due process	153
3	On punishments	157
4	On the prerogative of exercising mercy	160
Bk. X	On the Action of Government with Regard to Property	163
1	The purpose of this book	165
2	The natural division of the inhabitants of the same territory into two classes	165
3	On property	167
4	On the status property should occupy in political institutions	168
5	On examples drawn from antiquity	171
6	On the proprietorial spirit	173
7	That territorial property alone brings together all the advantages of property	174
8	On property in public funds	179
9	On the amount of landed property which society has the right to insist upon for the exercise of political rights	182
10	That owners have no interest in abusing power vis-a-vis nonowners	183
11	On hereditary privileges compared to property	185
12	Necessary comment	186
13	On the best way of giving proprietors a large political influence	190
14	On the action of government on property	192
15	On laws which favor the accumulation of property in the same hands	193
16	On laws which enforce the wider spreading of property	196
Bk. XI	On Taxation	203
1	The object of this book	205
2	The first right of the governed with regard to taxation	205
3	The second right of the governed with regard to taxation	207
4	On various types of taxes	207
5	How taxation becomes contrary to individual rights	212
6	That taxes bearing on capital are contrary to individual rights	214
7	That the interest of the state in matters of taxation is consistent with individual rights	215
8	An incontestable axiom	219
9	The drawback of excessive taxation	220
10	A further drawback of excessive taxation	221
Bk. XII	On government jurisdiction over economic activity and population	225
1	Preliminary observation	227
2	On legitimate political jurisdiction vis-a-vis economic activity	228
3	That there are two branches of government intervention with regard to economic activity	228
4	On privileges and prohibitions	229
5	On the general effect of prohibitions	247
6	On things which push governments in this mistaken direction	248
7	On the supports offered by government	251
8	On the equilibrium of production	255
9	A final example of the adverse effects of government intervention	258
10	Conclusions from the above reflections	259
11	On government measures in relation to population	260
Bk. XIII	On War	275
1	From what point of view war can be considered as having advantages	277
2	On the pretexts for war	279
3	The effect of the politics of war on the domestic condition of nations	282
4	On safeguards against the war mania of governments	286
5	On the mode of forming and maintaining armies	289
Bk. XIV	On Government Action on Enlightenment	295
1	Questions to be dealt with in this book	297
2	On the value attributed to errors	298
3	On government in support of truth	301
4	On government protection of enlightenment	304
5	On the upholding of morality	307
6	On the contribution of government to education	308
7	On government duties vis-a-vis enlightenment	315
Bk. XV	The Outcome of Preceding Discussion Relative to the Action of Government	319
1	The outcome of the preceding discussion	321
2	On three pernicious ideas	322
3	On ideas of uniformity	322
4	Application of this principle to the composition of representative assemblies	326
5	Further thoughts on the preceding chapter	328
6	On ideas of stability	338
7	On premature ameliorations	340
8	On a false way of reasoning	345
Bk. XVI	On Political Authority in the Ancient World	349
1	Why among the ancients political authority could be more extensive than in modern times	351
2	The first difference between the social State of the ancients and that of modern times	352
3	The second difference	353
4	The third difference	355
5	The fourth difference	358
6	The fifth difference	359
7	The result of these differences between the ancients and the moderns	361
8	Modern imitators of the republics of antiquity	365
Bk. XVII	On the True Principles of Freedom	381
1	On the inviolability of the true principles of freedom	383
2	That the circumscription of political authority, within its precise limits, does not tend at all to weaken the necessary action of the government	385
3	Final thoughts on civil freedom and political freedom	386
4	Apologia for despotism by Louis XIV	392
Bk. XVIII	On the Duties of Individuals to Political Authority	395
1	Difficulties with regard to the question of resistance	397
2	On obedience to the law	398
3	On revolutions	405
4	On the duties of enlightened men during revolutions	407
5	Continuation of the same subject	413
6	On the duties of enlightened men after violent revolutions	419
	Additions to the Work Entitled Principles of Politics Applicable to All Governments	425
	Index	535