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Introduction 1
Aims 1
The Classification of Drugs 1
Targets for the Medicinal Chemist 2
Hormones as Targets 2
Cellular Structures as Targets 4
The Stages in the Development of a Drug 5
The Synthesis of a Drug 6
The History of Medicinal Chemistry 8
General Principles of Medicinal Chemistry 20
Aims 20
Administration and Absorption 20
The Gastrointestinal Tract 21
Other Routes of Administration 23
Physico-Chemical Measurements 23
Formulation 24
Drug Metabolism 25
Oxidation by Cytochrome P[subscript 450]s 26
The Hydroxylation of Aromatic Rings 27
The Hydroxylation of Aliphatic Systems 29
The Monoamine Oxidases 30
Other Phase One Changes 31
Phase Two Changes 32
Excretion 33
Pro-Drugs 33
Quantitative Structure: Activity Relationships 35
Hansch QSAR Analyses 36
Craig Plots and the Topliss Decision Tree 38
Drug:Receptor Interactions 39
Neurotransmitters as Targets 41
Aims 41
Introduction 41
The Nervous System 42
The Neurotransmitters 44
Cell-Surface Receptors 45
Ion-Channel-Linked Receptors 45
Kinase-Linked Receptors 45
G-Protein-Linked Receptors 46
Agonists and Antagonists 48
Acetylcholine 48
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents in Surgery 49
Muscarinic Agonists 51
Local Anaesthetics 52
Catecholamines as Neurotransmitters 53
The Adrenergic Receptors 55
[alpha]-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists 55
[beta]-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists - The Development of Anti-Asthma Drugs 56
[beta1]-Adrenergic Antagonists '[Beta]-Blockers' 59
The Treatment of Hypertension 61
Medicinal Chemistry and the Central Nervous System 64
Aims 64
Introduction 64
The Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases 66
Alzheimer's Disease 66
Parkinson's Disease 67
Dopamine Antagonists as Neuroleptic Agents 70
Serotonin as a Neurotransmitter 72
The Treatment of Depression 73
GABA as a Neurotransmitter 76
The Treatment of Epilepsy 77
Benzodiazepines as Anxiolytic Agents 78
Barbiturate Sleeping Tablets 80
Opioids as Analgesics 81
Local and Circulatory Hormone Targets 85
Aims 85
Introduction 85
Histamine as a Target 86
Histamine Antagonists in the Treatment of Peptic Ulcers 87
The Prostaglandins and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents 90
The Development of Ibuprofen 92
The Mechanism of Action of Aspirin 94
Medicinal Uses of Prostaglandins 95
The Sterols and Steroid Hormones 96
The Biosynthesis of the Steroids 98
The Control of Cholesterol Biosynthesis 100
The Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents 101
The Steroidal Oral Contraceptives 103
The Role of Nitric Oxide 104
Anti-infective Agents 105
Aims 105
Introduction 105
Bacterial Diseases 106
Antiseptics 107
The Sulfonamide Anti-Bacterial Agents 108
The Penicillins 111
Semi-Synthetic Penicillins 114
Clavulanic Acid and the Inhibition of [beta]-Lactamases 114
The Cephalosporins 115
The Mode of Action of the [beta]-Lactam Antibiotics 115
Other Antibiotics 117
Synthetic Anti-Bacterial Agents 118
Anti-Viral Agents 118
Viral Diseases 118
Viral Structure and Replication 119
Targets for Anti-Viral Agents 120
The Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Biosynthesis 120
Inhibitors of Reverse Transcriptase 121
Neuraminidase Inhibitors 122
The Synthesis of Nucleoside Analogues 122
Anti-Fungal Agents 124
Ergosterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors 124
Other Anti-Fungal Agents 126
Parasitic Infections 126
The Treatment of Malaria 126
Cancer Chemotherapy 129
Aims 129
Introduction 129
The Cell Cycle 129
Cancer Chemotherapy 131
Anti-Metabolites 131
Alkylating Agents 134
Intercalating Agents 137
Anti-Mitotic Agents 138
Interference with Selected Developmental Processes 138
The Treatment of Breast Cancer 138
Monoclonal Antibodies 140
Prostate Cancer 141
Further Reading 142
Glossary 144
Subject Index 151
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