Geographic Profiling Book

1	Introduction	1
2	Serial Murder	5
2.1	Serial Murder	5
2.1.1	Definitions and Typologies	6
2.1.1.1	Characteristics	9
2.1.2.	Incidence, Population, and Growth	10
2.1.3.	Theories	16
2.1.4.	Victimology	26
2.2	Child Murder	30
2.3	Murder and Distance	33
3	Serial Rape and Arson	35
3.1	Serial Rape	37
3.2	Serial Arson	45
4	Forensic Behavioural Science	49
4.1	Investigative Difficulties	49
4.2	Police Strategies	52
4.2.1	Linkage Analysis	53
4.2.1.1	Physical Evidence	54
4.2.1.2	Offender Description	55
4.2.1.3	Crime Scene Behaviour	57
4.2.2	Other Investigative Tactics	64
5	Criminal Profiling	67
5.1	Development of Profiling	69
5.2	Organized and Disorganized Crime Scenes	71
5.3	Applications of Profiling	73
5.4	Critiques	74
5.5	Evaluation Studies	76
5.6	Profiling and Probability	80
5.7	Expert Testimony	81
5.8	Future of Profiling	85
6	Behavioural Geography	87
6.1	Movement and Distance	87
6.2	Mental Maps	89
6.3	Awareness and Activity Spaces	90
6.3.1	Anchor Points	91
6.4	Centrography	91
6.5	Nearest Neighbour Analysis	94
7	Geography of Crime	97
7.1	Geography and Crime Studies	98
7.1.1	Journey-to-Crime Research	99
7.2	Environmental Criminology	111
7.2.1	Routine Activity Theory	112
7.2.2	Rational Choice Theory	114
7.2.3	Crime Pattern Theory	116
8	Target and Hunt	123
8.1	Target Patterns	123
8.1.1	Place and Space	123
8.1.2	Hunting Grounds	126
8.1.3	Target Backcloth	127
8.1.4	Crime Sites	128
8.1.5	Body Disposal	129
8.1.6	Learning and Displacement	132
8.1.7	Offender Type	134
8.2	Hunting Methods	135
8.2.1	Target Cues	135
8.2.2	Hunting Humans	138
8.2.3	Search and Attack	139
8.2.4	Predator Hunting Typology	142
9	Predator Patterns	145
9.1	Spatial Typologies	145
9.2	Geography of Serial Murder	151
9.2.1	Methodology	152
9.2.1.1	Serial Killer Data	152
9.2.1.2	Newspaper Sources	152
9.2.1.3	Offender, Victim, and Location Data	154
9.2.2	Serial Killer Characteristics	155
9.2.2.1	State Comparisons	156
9.2.3	Case Descriptions	157
9.2.3.1	Richard Chase	160
9.2.3.2	Albert DeSalvo	160
9.2.3.3	Clifford Olson	161
9.2.3.4	Angelo Buono and Kenneth Bianchi	162
9.2.3.5	Peter Sutcliffe	169
9.2.3.6	Richard Ramirez	163
9.2.3.7	David Berkowitz	164
9.2.3.8	Jeffrey Dahmer	165
9.2.3.9	Joel Rifkin	165
9.2.3.10	John Collins	166
9.2.3.11	Aileen Wuornos	167
9.2.3.12	Ian Brady and Myra Hindley	167
9.2.3.13	Jerry Brudos	168
9.4	Serial Murder Characteristics	168
9.4.1	Offenders	168
9.4.2	Victims	170
9.4.3	Locations	173
9.4.4	Crime Parsing	178
9.4.5	Clusters	179
9.4.6	Trip Distance Increase	181
10	Geographic Profiling	185
10.1	Mapping and Crime Analysis	185
10.2	Geography and Crime Investigation	188
10.3	Offender Residence Prediction	195
10.3.1	Criminal Geographic Targeting	195
10.3.2	Performance	202
10.3.3	Validity, Reliability, and Utility	204
10.3.3.1	Validity	204
10.3.3.2	Reliability	208
10.3.3.3	Utility	209
10.4	Geographic Profiling	211
10.4.1	Profiling Considerations	212
10.4.2	Operational Procedures	216
10.4.2.1	Information Requirements	216
10.4.2.2	Requesting A Geographic Profile	218
10.4.3	Understudy Training Program	220
10.4.4	The Rigel Computer System	222
11	Investigative Applications	225
11.1	Strategies and Tactics	225
11.1.1	Suspect Prioritization	225
11.1.2	Police Information Systems	226
11.1.3	Task Force Management	227
11.1.4	Sex Offender Registries	228
11.1.5	Government and Business Databases	228
11.1.6	Motor Vehicle Registrations	229
11.1.7	Patrol Saturation and Stakeouts	229
11.1.8	Response Plans	230
11.1.9	Mail Outs	231
11.1.10	Neighbourhood Canvasses	231
11.1.11	News Media	232
11.1.12	Bloodings	233
11.1.13	Peak-of-Tension Polygraphy	233
11.1.14	Fugitive Location	233
11.1.15	Missing Bodies	234
11.1.16	Trial Court Expert Evidence	234
11.2	Jack the Ripper	235
12	Conclusion	241
	Appendices	245
Appendix A	Serial Murder Data Set	245
Appendix B	Data Coding Forms	251
	Glossary	255
	Bibliography	267
	Index	335