Natural Extracts Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Book

INTRODUCTION Importance of Nature Cure Naturopathy Natural Extracts CO2 as an SCF Solvent SCFE Process SCFE Applications References Figure Captions - Chapter 1
Figures 1.1 - 1.3
FUNDAMENTALS OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS AND PHASE EQUILIBRIA Process Schemes and Parameters in SCFE Thermodynamics of SCF State Variability of Density with P and T Addition of Cosolvent to SCF Solvent Solubility Behavior in SCF Solvent Solubility Isotherms and Cross Over Phenomena Solubility Isobars Pressure and Temperature Effects Solvent Capacity and Selectivity Cosolvent Effects SCF Phase Equilibrium Behavior Liquid-Fluid Phase Equilibria Solid-Fluid Phase Equilibria Polymer-Fluid Phase Equilibria Thermodynamic Modelling The Equation of State Approach Solid-Fluid Equilibrium Calculations Mixing Rules CS and GC Methods Solubility Predictions of Solid from Pure Components Properties Liquid-Fluid Equilibrium Calculations Mixing Rules Regression of Binary Adjustable Parameters Prediction of Multicomponent Data from Binary Interaction Constants Prediction of Phase Boundaries Mixture Critical Point Calculations Multiphase (L-L-V) Calculations Solubility Predictions Using Solvent-Cluster Interaction Model Solubility Calculations from Correlations Selectivity of Natural Molecules from Pure Component Solubilities Thermophysical Properties of CO2 Nomenclature References Figure Captions - Chapter 2
Figures 2.1 - 2.27 (b)
FUNDAMENTAL TRANSPORT PROCESES IN SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION Transport Properties of SCFs Viscosity Diffusivity Thermal Conductivity Interfacial Tension Mass Transfer Behavior SCFE From Solid Feed Mechanism of Transport from Solids Stages of Extraction from Different Natural Materials SCFF from Liquid Feed Fractionation of Liquids by SFC Mass Transfer Modelling For SCFE from Solids Process Parameters Mass Transfer Coefficients Effect of Axial Dispersion and Convective Flows Shrinking Core Leaching Model Heat Transfer in SCFs Heat Transfer Coefficients Effects of Free Convective Flow Heat Transfer Coefficient for Two Phase Flow Heat Exchanger Specifications Nomenclature References Figure Captions - Chapter 3
Figures 3.1(a) - 3.16
FLAVOR AND FRAGRANCE EXTRACTS Market Demand Natural Essential Oils Methods of Recovery of Natural Essential Oils Steam Distillation Maceration Enfleurage Cold Expression Extraction with Volatile Organic Solvents Choice of Solvents Purification of Crude Extract Vacuum Distillation Molecular Distillation Liquid-Liquid Fractionation Supercritical CO2 Extraction Commercial Advantage SC CO2 Extracted Floral Fragrance Jasmine Fragrance Rose Fragrance Bitter Orange Flower Fragrance Lavender Inflorescence Fragrance Marigold Fragrance Sandalwood Fragrance Vetiver Fragrance References Figure Captions - Chapter 4
Figures 4.1 - 4.7(b)
FRUIT EXTRACTS Importance of Recovery Citrus Oil Recovery During Juice Extraction Flavoring Components in Fruits Stability and Quality CO2 Extraction Processes Deterpenation of Citrus Oil by SC CO2
Dealcoholation of Fruit Juice by SC CO2
Enzyme Inactivation and Sterilization by +SC CO2
References Figure Captions - Chapter 5
Figures 5.1 - 5.6
SPICE EXTRACTS Importance of Recovery Classification of Spices Therapeutic Properties of Spices Spice Constituents Production of Spice Extracts SC CO2 Extraction and Fractionation Celery Seeds Red Chili Paprika Ginger Nutmeg Pepper Vanilla Cardamom Fennel, Caraway and Coriander Garlic Cinnamon Market Trends References Figure Captions - Chapter 6
Figure 6.1
HERBAL EXTRACTS Importance of Recovery Herbal Remedies Recovery Methods Antioxidative and Antimicrobial Constituents Anti-inflammatory Constituents Anti-Cancerous Alkaloids Anti-Carcinogenic Polyphenols Medicinal Constituents of Tea Extract Fat Regulating Agent Therapeutic Oils and Fatty Acids References NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS Importance of Recovery Classification Botanicals with Antioxidative Activity Tocopherols as Antioxidants Recovery by SC CO2
Spice and Herbal Extracts as Antioxidants Recovery by SC CO2
Plant Leaf Extracts as Antioxidants Flavonoids Recovery of Flavonoids Carotenoids as Antioxidants Recovery of ? Carotene by SC CO2
Solubility of Antioxidants in SC CO2
References Figure Captions - Chapter 8
Figures 8.1 - 8.7
NATURAL FOOD COLORS Carotenoids as Food Colors Recovery of Carotenoids by SC CO2
Grass Orange Peel Turmeric Paprika Red Chili Carrot Marigold Flowers Annatto Other Natural Colors Anthocyanins as Food Colors Classification of Anthocyanins Recovery of Anthocyanins Commercial Anthocyanin-based Food Colors Betacyanins References Figure Captions - Chapter 9
Figures 9.1 - 9.2
PLANT AND ANIMAL LIPIDS Importance of Recovery Recovery Methods Separation of FFA from Vegetable Oil by SC CO2
Fractionation of PUFA from Animal Lipids Refining and Deodorisation of Vegetable Oil Fractionation of Glycerides Extraction of Oil from Oil Bearing Materials Sunflower Oil Corn Germ Oil Soybean Oil Olive Husk Oil Grape Seed Oil Animal Lipids Deoiling of Lecithin by SC CO2
Soya Phospholipids Oat Lecithin Canola Lecithin PC from Deoiled Cottonseed PC from Egg Yolk Dilipidation and Decholesterification of Food Butter Egg Yolk Powder Fish and Meat Muscles References Figure Captions - Chapter 10
Figures 10.1 - 10.12
NATURAL PESTICIDES Importance of Recovery Bioactivity of Neem Neem Based Pesticides Azadirachtin-based Formulations Commercial Production Recovery of Azadirachtin from Neem Kernel Conventional Processes Supercritical CO2 Extraction Pyrethrum Based Pesticides Recovery of Pyrethrins Nicotine Based Pesticides Reovery of Nicotine by SC CO2
References APPENDICES Thermophysical Properties of Carbon Dioxide Definitions of Fatty Acids and Their Compositions in Various Oils Some Statistics on Major Vegetable Oils and Oilseeds INDEX