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Preface iii
Figures xi
Tables xiii
Summary xv
Acknowledgments xxvii
Abbreviations xxix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
About This Book 2
Chapter 2 The Coal Resource Base 5
The Adequacy of the U.S. Coal Resource Base 6
The Distribution of U.S. Coal Reserves and Production 9
Coal Variability 10
Mine Size 12
Policy Implications of the Coal Resource Base 12
Chapter 3 Coal-to-Liquids Technologies 15
The Fischer-Tropsch Coal-to-Liquids Approach 15
The Methanol-to-Gasoline Coal-to-Liquids Approach 23
The Direct Coal Liquefaction Approach 26
Baseline Greenhouse-Gas Emissions from Production of Coal-Derived Liquid Fuels 31
Carbon Capture and Sequestration 32
Alternative Carbon-Management Options 37
Technical Viability and Commercial Readiness 41
Production Costs 42
Timeline for Coal-to-Liquids Development 46
Chapter 4 Other Unconventional Fuels 49
Commercially Ready Unconventional Fuels 50
Emerging Unconventional Fuels 52
Summary 57
Chapter 5 Benefits of Coal-to-Liquids Development 59
Economic Profits 60
Reductions in the World Price of Oil 61
National Security Benefits 66
Improved Petroleum Supply Chain 67
Oil-Supply Disruption Benefits 68
Employment Benefits 69
Confounding or Inconclusive Arguments 70
The Economic Value of a Domestic Coal-to-Liquids Industry 71
Chapter 6 Critical Policy Issues for Coal-to-Liquids Development 73
Environmental Impacts of Coal-to-Liquids Production 73
Impediments to Private-Sector Investment 81
Chapter 7 Designing Incentives to Encourage Private Investment 85
Designing an Effective Long-Term Public-Private Relationship 86
Assessing Financial Effects Under Conditions of Uncertainty88
Findings and Policy Implications 91
Promoting Competition 100
Summary 101
Chapter 8 Moving Forward with a Coal-to-Liquids Development Effort 103
Prevailing Uncertainties 103
The Military Perspective 104
Federal Policy Options 106
An Insurance Policy 109
Air Force Options for Coal-to-Liquids Industrial Development 113
Scoping Federal Efforts: How Much Is Enough? 117
A Stable Framework for Reducing World Oil Prices 118
Appendixes
A Cost-Estimation Methodology and Assumptions 119
B Greenhouse-Gas Emissions: Supporting Analysis 123
C A Model of the Global Liquid-Fuel Market 137
References 155
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Gert Claasen
reviewed Producing Liquid Fuels from Coal: Prospects and Policy Issues on July 11, 2014
Producing Liquid Fuels from Coal: Prospects and Policy Issues
Essentially, Consuming Power examines the way American choices regarding technology -- specifically, which technologies to use, and in which ways -- shape society. It's short for the timespan it covers, but dense; the word muscular comes to mind. Nye wastes no words: : every sentence carries with it the meat of facts or analysis. He has grievances with those who believe certain technologies always have particular effects on society, like the introduction of the automobile leading to a society whose transportation infrastructure is wholly oriented toward cars. Human choices created the highways and subsidies cars thrive in, and human choices eroded the rail networks that once tied the nation together. The choices we make regarding which technologies to invest in dictate our future actions, however: the United States will be hard-pressed to move away from an automobile-oriented system if even it badly wants, and needs to. Other nations -- which made different choices regarding the automobile -- have more options.
While this argument has its merits, I think Nye overestimates the role of human choice. We seem to be a species dedicating to following the path of least resistance: if a technology allows us to do a thing, and it occurs to us to do it, we'll happily do it without sitting down and thinking terribly long about the consequences. Geography and history had more to do with Europe's different approach to cars than human choice: Europeans couldn't sprawl around sloppily because they don't have an entire continent of land to waste. At the same time, this criticism reinforces Nye's other argument, that choices dictate future choices. Once arrangements have been made for one system, it's difficult to adopt to another. Europe would find it difficult to impose suburban sprawl on itself. While Nye doesn't have an obvious agenda, he's plainly not impressed with the way Americans have so limited themselves and their future energy options. The course of our energy history, it seems, is have put more eggs into fewer baskets.
Consuming Power is a strong read for those interested in American economy, industry, and energy.
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