Will the Scientific and Technology Workforce Meet the Requirements of the Federal Government? Book

	Preface	iii
	Figures	xi
	Summary	xiii
	Acknowledgments	xxvii
	Acronyms	xxix
Chapter 1	Introduction	1
	STEM Workforce Shortages: A Recurring Concern	1
	Conceptual Considerations of STEM Workforce Supply and Demand	5
	Supply	5
	Demand	8
	The International Dimension	9
	Purpose and Organization of This Report	10
Chapter 2	The U.S. STEM Workforce	13
	U.S. STEM Workforce Data	14
	Trends in the Size of the U.S. STEM Workforce	15
	Entrants to the STEM Workforce	18
	Non-Citizens Among STEM Graduates	23
	Earnings and Unemployment of STEM Workers	24
	Is There a National Shortfall of Stem Workers?	28
Chapter 3	The Federal STEM Workforce	31
	Overview of the Federal STEM Workforce	32
	Data Requirements for Workforce Analysis and Policy Development	34
	Current Data are Adequate for Some Kinds of Analysis, but Forecasts Are Insufficient	38
	Issues Facing Managers of the Federal STEM Workforce	40
	The Federal STEM Workforce Is Aging	41
	Workforce Incentives Are Effective but Not Widely Used	44
	Citizenship Issues Do Not Appear to Pose Major Problem	47
	Implications	48
Chapter 4	Mechanisms for Influencing the Size and Composition of the STEM Workforce	49
	Historical Overview	50
	Overview of Federal Efforts to Shape the STEM Workforce	52
	General Interest Building	55
	Teacher Training	55
	Curriculum Development	56
	School Outreach	57
	University-School Partnerships	58
	Illustrative Legislation	58
	Steering and Guidance	59
	Guidance Counseling	59
	Apprenticeships and Internships	60
	Illustrative Legislation	60
	Resources for Higher Education	61
	Grants	62
	Scholarships, Fellowships, and Assistantships	62
	Loans, Loan Guarantees, and Work-Study	63
	Illustrative Legislation	64
	Adjusting the Labor Pool	65
	Illustrative Legislation	66
	Workforce Shaping and Development	66
	Recruiting	67
	Retention	68
	Employee Training and Skills Development	68
	Workplace Acculturation	69
	Illustrative Legislation	69
	Paradigm Legislation? The National Defense Education Act of 1958	70
	Background on the NDEA	71
	Impact of the NDEA	73
	Is the NDEA Applicable Today?	74
	Assessing the Effectiveness of Various Mechanisms	76
	Federal Mechanisms Have Emphasized Filling the Pipeline	76
	Workforce-Shaping Mechanisms Are Just Beginning to Be Used	77
Chapter 5	Conclusions	81
	Is There a Shortage of STEM Workers?	81
	The Need for Improved Data	83
	Data on Spaces	84
	Data on Faces	84
	Data on the U.S. STEM Workforce	85
	Data on the Federal Workforce	86
	Bibliography	89