Hawaiian Grammar Book

	Tables	xi
	Preface	xiii
	Abbreviations and Explanations	xvii
1	Previous Studies of Hawaiian Grammar	1
1.1	Chamisso	1
1.2	Humboldt and Buschmann	3
1.3	Hale	4
1.4	Andrews and Alexander	4
1.5	Primitives and Evolution	6
1.6	The Last Hundred Years	8
2	The Sound System	10
2.1	Consonants (p, k, ', h, l, m, n, w)	10
2.2	Vowels (i, i, e, e, a, a, u, u, o, o)	14
2.3	Word Stress	16
2.4	Junctures	18
2.5	Stress in Phrases and Sentences	18
2.6	Pitch Levels	21
2.7	Natural Fast Speech	22
2.8	Dialect Variations	23
2.8.1	Ni'ihau Dialect	23
2.8.2	n for l and Glottal Stop for l and k	25
2.9	Loan Words	27
2.9.1	English as a Source	27
2.9.2	The Word for Horse	30
2.9.3	Biblical Terms	31
2.9.4	Other Sources	33
2.10	Relative Frequencies of Sounds	34
2.11	Drift	35
2.12	Notes on Orthography	36
3	From Sentence to Affix	39
3.1	Sentences	39
3.2	Phrases	41
3.3	Words	43
3.4	Particles	44
3.5	Affixes	44
4	Classification of Verbs; Verblike Idioms	46
4.1	Basis of the Classification	46
4.2	Intransitive Verbs (vi)	48
4.3	Transitive Verbs (vt)	48
4.4	Stative Verbs (vs)	49
4.5	Multiple-class Verbs	51
4.6	Verblike Idioms	54
5	Verb Markers	57
5.1	Classification of Verb Markers	57
5.2	Aspect Markers	57
5.3	Tense Marker	60
5.4	Mood Markers	61
6	Verb Affixes and Thematic Consonants	64
6.1	Prefixes and Reduplications	64
6.2	Reduplications	64
6.2.1	Types of Reduplication	65
6.2.2	Meanings of Reduplications	66
6.3	Prefixes to Verbs: Middle Layer	68
6.3.1	Prefixes with Causative/Simulative Meanings	68
6.3.2	Prefixes with Qualitative/Stative Meanings	71
6.3.3	Other Prefixes	74
6.4	The Causative/Simulative ho'o- and Its Alternants	76
6.5	Rare Suffixes	78
6.6	Thematic Consonants and the Suffixes and Particles They Introduce	79
6.6.1	Inventory	79
6.6.2	Nominalizers	79
6.6.3	Passive/Imperatives	83
6.6.4	Transitivizers	86
6.6.5	Possible Analyses	88
7	Postposed Phrasal Elements	90
7.1	Some Postposed Particles	90
7.2	Directionals	91
7.3	ai	96
7.4	o-Demonstratives ala, la/-la, ana	99
7.5	Particles Following the o-Demonstratives	100
8	Nouns and Substitutes, Locative Nouns, Compounds, Qualifiers	105
8.1	Nouns	105
8.2	Pronouns	107
8.3	Demonstratives	110
8.3.1	ke-Demonstratives	110
8.3.2	o-Demonstratives nei and na	111
8.3.3	ia	112
8.3.4	ua	113
8.3.5	neia	114
8.3.6	pe-Demonstratives	114
8.4	Possessives	115
8.4.1	k-Possessives	116
8.4.2	o- and n-Possessives	118
8.5	Interrogatives	119
8.6	Locative Nouns	120
8.7	Compounds and Qualifiers	123
8.7.1	Noun Compounds	123
8.7.2	Verb and Noun-Verb Compounds	124
8.7.3	Compound Proper Names	126
8.7.4	Other Compounds	126
8.7.5	Noun + Qualifier Sequences	127
9	Prepositions	131
9.1	Inventory of Prepositions	131
9.2	Subject Marker: 'o/o	131
9.3	Multifunctional i/ia and io	133
9.3.1	i/ia	133
9.3.2	i/ia/io: Definite Locative	134
9.4	Locative/Instrumental/Manner: ma	135
9.5	a: Place to (Emphatic)	136
9.6	Possessives	136
9.6.1	a- and o-Possessives	136
9.6.2	Verbs with a and o	140
9.6.3	o-Possessives	142
9.6.4	Fronted Possessives	143
9.7	Comitative/Instrumental/Similitude: me	145
9.8	Ablative: mai	145
9.9	Agentive: e	146
9.10	Vocative: e/o	146
9.11	na and no	147
9.12	Simulative: pe	150
9.13	Appositional Prepositions	150
9.14	Prepositional Phrases in Verbless Sentences	152
10	Determiners, Numerals, and Plurals	153
10.1	k-Words	153
10.2	Articles	154
10.3	Numerals	158
10.4	Other Plural Markers	162
11	Conjunctions and Complex Sentences	164
11.1	Conjunctions	164
11.2	Combining Phrases: Order	168
11.3	Combining Sentences	169
11.4	A Complex Sentence Analyzed	171
11.5	The Role of Fronting: A Summary	172
12	Interjections	174
	Glossary	179
	References	185
	Index	191