Fluorinated Surfactants : Synthesis-Properties-Applications Book

	Preface
1	Structure of Fluorinated Surfactants	1
1.2	Structural Features of Fluorinated Surfactants. The Hydrophobe	3
1.3	Anionic Fluorinated Surfactants	4
1.4	Cationic Surfactants	5
1.5	Amphoteric Surfactants	9
1.6	Nonionic Surfactants	10
1.7	Silicone-Containing Fluorinated Surfactants	12
1.8	Fluorinated Surfactants without a Hydrophile	14
1.9	Polymeric Fluorinated Surfactants	15
2	Synthesis	22
2.1	Starting Materials	22
2.2	Electrochemical Fluorination	24
2.3	Telomerization	28
2.4	Oligomerization of Tetrafluoroethylene	33
2.5	Miscellaneous Reactions	36
2.6	Anionic Fluorinated Surfactants	38
2.7	Cationic Surfactants	48
2.8	Amphoteric Surfactants	50
2.9	Nonionic Surfactants	54
3	Physical and Chemical Properties	69
3.1	Chemical Properties	69
3.2	Melting Points	79
3.3	Boiling Points	83
3.4	Density	87
3.5	Refractive Index	89
4	Liquid-Vapor and Liquid-Liquid Boundaries Surface Tension	92
4.1	Theory of Surface Tension	92
4.2	Adsorption at Liquid-Vapor Boundary	97
4.3	Surface Tension in Water. Surfactant Structure	110
4.4	Kinetics of Adsorption	122
4.5	Surface Tension in Acids and Alkali	128
4.6	Surface Tension in Organic Liquids	133
4.7	Liquid-Liquid Interface	142
4.8	Emulsions	148
4.9	Foams	153
5	Solid-Liquid Boundary	162
5.1	Wetting	162
5.2	Critical Surface Tension and Surface Energy	166
5.3	Adsorption from Solution	169
5.4	Adsorption of Mixed Surfactants	183
6	Fluorinated Surfactants in Solution	191
6.1	Solubility	191
6.2	Micelle Formation	193
6.3	Krafft Point	204
6.4	Cloud Point	212
6.5	Thermodynamics of Micellization	213
6.6	Critical Micelle Concentration	221
6.7	Solubilization	245
7	Structure of Micelles and Mesophases	264
7.1	Structure of Micelles	264
7.2	Theory for Mixed Micelles	273
7.3	Surfactant Mixtures	282
7.4	Mesophases and Liquid Crystals	309
7.5	Current Research	315
8	Applications	325
8.1	Performance Characteristics of Fluorinated Surfactants	325
8.2	Selection of Fluorinated Surfactants	326
8.3	Specific Applications	327
9	Analysis of Fluorinated Surfactants	362
9.1	Determination and Characterization of Fluorinated Surfactants	362
9.2	Elemental Analysis	362
9.3	Volumetric Methods and Ion-Pair Spectroscopy	364
9.4	Chromatography	366
9.5	Ultraviolet and Infrared Spectroscopy	367
9.6	Mass Spectrometry	370
9.7	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy	373
9.8	Chemical Relaxation Methods	379
9.9	Small-Angle Scattering Methods	381
9.10	Light Scattering	383
9.11	Luminescence Probing Methods	383
9.12	X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy	386
9.13	Electrochemical Methods	388
9.14	Ultrafiltration	393
9.15	Surface Tension	393
9.16	Fluorinated Surfactants in Biological Systems	399
9.17	Fluorinated Surfactants in the Environment	401
10	Toxicology and Environmental Aspects	415
10.1	Toxicology	415
10.2	Environmental Aspects	421
10.3	Physiology: Sorption, Metabolism, and Excretion	426
10.4	Fluorochemical Emulsions for Biomedical Oxygen Transport	430
	Index	463