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Preface ix
Acknowledgments xiii
Introduction xiv
Part I The Nature and History of Biofuels 1
1 First Fuels 3
What Are Biofuels? 5
A Brief History of Fire and Wood 9
Early Conservation Efforts 17
Ancient Forests, Modern Humans 18
2 The Nature of Fuel 23
The Energy Content of Biofuels 23
Availability and Cost 28
Sinks, Sources, and the Greenhouse Effect 34
Big and Small Environmental and Economic Effects 37
3 The Chemistry of Combustion 43
Theoretical Combustion 44
Combustion: Some Practical Concerns 50
Efficient Engines 54
Sustainability 56
Part II Some Important Biofuel Technologies 59
4 Ethanol 61
The Mechanics of Ethanol Production 63
Ethanol in Brazil 70
The Net Energy Balance 72
The United States Ethanol Market 77
5 Biodiesel 81
Some Properties of Biodiesel 82
The Biodiesel Market: Demand and Supply 89
Biodiesel from Algae 92
6 Electricity Production 99
Electricity Production and the Electricity Markets 101
Biofuel-Fired Power Plants 106
A Case Study: Power Generation versus the Environment 112
Part III Environmental and Policy Considerations 119
7 Large-Scale Use of Biomass 121
Biomass as a Form of Solar Energy 123
How Much Land for How Much Fuel? 129
Siting Biorefineries 132
8 Alternative Reasons for the Consumption of Biofuels 135
A Form of Environmental Protection 136
The Pulp and Paper Industry 140
Gasification Technology in the Pulp and Paper Industry 144
Fire Suppression 146
9 Policy, Research, and Biofuels 151
Overcoming Inertia 152
Switchgrass: a Future Fuel 156
Legislating a Market for Ethanol 158
Science, Commerce, and Biofuels 163
Conclusion 168
Afterword:An Interview with Dr. Amani Elobeid on the Economics of Ethanol 170
Chronology 181
List of Acronyms 184
Glossary 185
Further Resources 188
Index 193
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Add Biofuels, Energy and the Environment is a six-volume set that examines the history, technology, science, and environmental and social implications (including issues of environmental justice) associated with the acquisition and production of energy. Designed to comp, Biofuels to the inventory that you are selling on WonderClubX
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Add Biofuels, Energy and the Environment is a six-volume set that examines the history, technology, science, and environmental and social implications (including issues of environmental justice) associated with the acquisition and production of energy. Designed to comp, Biofuels to your collection on WonderClub |