Compounding Precipitated Silica in Elastomers: Theory and Practice Book

Acknowledgements     xiii
Preface     xv
Silica as a Reinforcing Filler
Introduction     1
Manufacture of Precipitated Silica     2
Silica and Carbon Black     3
Silica Surface Area     5
Silica Free Water     7
Silica Free Water, Affect on Visible Dispersion     11
Silica Surface Silanol Groups     12
Silica pH     16
Soluble Salts in Silica     18
Physical Form and Sensity of Silica     19
Other Silica Properties     21
Silane Treated Silicas     21
Compounding Precipitated Silica in Natural Rubber
Introduction     25
Silica and Carbon Black     25
Activation: Zinc Oxide     28
Cure Activation: Glycols     29
Acceleration with Secondary Accelerators in Normal Sulfur Systems     31
Acceleration: Single Accelerators in Normal Sulfur Systems     33
Acceleration: Single Accelerators; Vulcanizate Properties     37
Acceleration: Low Sulfur/Sulfur Donor Systems     42
Reversion     47
Antioxidant Systems: Non-staining     50
Plasticization     51
Tear Resistance     53
Tear Resistance: Contour Curve Studies of Silica Content Effects     60
Tear Resistance: Silica Primary Particle Size     64
Tear Resistance; Non-Marking Solid tires     65
Shelf Aged Stiffness and Green Strength     68
Peroxide Cure     69
Peroxide Curing: Silica Reinforcement and Structure     70
Peroxide Curing: Silica Surface Area     73
Peroxide Cure: Silane Coupling     76
Silane Coupling: Sulfur Cure Systems     77
Zinc-Free Cure Systems     78
Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Polyisoprene (IR)     79
Brass Adhesion     81
Brass Adhesion Mechanism     82
Adhesion to Textile Fabrics; the HRH System     83
Fabric Adhesion: Dynamic Testing     85
Heat Resistance     86
Natural Rubber Formulary     89
Compounding Precipitated Silica in Emulsion SBR
Introduction     169
Silica and Carbon Black     169
Cure Systems: Activation with Glycols     171
Cure System: Zinc Oxide Activation     174
Cure System: Magnesium Oxide Activation     180
Cure System: Lead oxide (Litharge) Activation     181
Cure System: Stearic Acid     181
Cure Systems: Primary, Secondary Accelerators     181
Cure Systems: Single Accelerators     182
Cure Systems: Sulfur Concentration     185
Plasticization     187
Antioxidants     189
Tear Resistance: Silica Primary Particle Size     190
Tear Resistance: Silica Content     191
Fabric Adhesion     192
Heat Resistance     193
Silane Coupling     193
Silane Coupling: Competition     196
Emulsion SBR Formulary     199
Compounding Precipitated Silica in Solution SBR and BR
Introduction     245
Silica and Carbon Black     245
Zinc-Free Cure Systems     247
Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Accelerators & Sulfur     249
Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Polymer Effects     251
Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Zinc Oxide and HMT     252
Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Effects of Additives     256
Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Sulfur Content     257
Zinc-Free Cure System: Antioxidants     259
Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Processing     260
Zinc-Free Systems: Plasticizers     262
Zinc-Free Systems: Additive Plasticizers     263
Silane Coupling: Pretreated Silica     264
Silane Coupling     265
Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Surface Area Effects     268
Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Trouser Tear Strength     271
Zinc-Free Cure Systems; Silica Content     272
Zinc-Free Cure Systems: Durometer Equivalents     274
Solution SBR and BR Formulary     277
Compounding Precipitatied Silica in Epdm
Introduction     311
Silica and Carbon Black     311
Acceleration Systems     314
Low Sulfur Systems with Donors     315
Activation: Oxides and Glycols     317
Antioxidants: Heat Resistance     318
Zinc-Free Cure Systems     319
Silane Coupling     323
Silica Surface Area     325
Peroxide Cure Systems     328
Processing     329
Adhesion to Brass     330
Fabric Adhesion     333
Adhesion to Zinc (Galvanized) Coatings     336
Compression Fatigue Life     338
EPDM Formulary     345
Compounding Precipitated Silica in Neoprene
Introduction     387
NSM (Type W) Neoprene: Oxide Crosslinking      388
NSM Neoprene (W): Organic Acceleration     389
NSM Neoprene: Glycol Activation     390
NSM Neoprene: Plasticization     391
NSM Neoprene: Silica and Black     392
Silica Surface Area     395
NSM Neoprene: Silane Coupling     396
NSM Neoprene: Fabric Adhesion     398
NSM Neoprene: Brass Adhesion     400
NSM Neoprene: Water Absorption     403
Sulfur Modified (SM) Neoprene: Cure Systems     404
SM Neoprene: Glycol Activation     407
SM Neoprene: Retarding Scorch     407
SM Neoprene: Silane Coupling     407
SM Neoprene: Processing     408
SM Neoprene: Silica Surface Area Effects     410
SM Neoprene: Silica Free Water Content     410
SM Neoprene: Cord and Fabric Adhesion     411
SM Neoprene: Brass Adhesion     414
Neoprene Formulary     416
Compounding Precipitated Silica in Nitrile
Introduction     445
Silica and Carbon Black     445
Silica Surface Area     449
NBR/PVC Blends     452
Acceleration: Sulfur Content     452
Accelerators      453
Activators     456
Silane Coupling     460
Peroxide Curing     462
Processing     464
Zinc-Free Cure Systems     465
Phenolic Resins     469
NBR Adhesion to Brass     470
NBR Adhesion to Fabric     472
Nitrile Formulary     475
Compounding Basics
The Compound     517
The Formula     517
Design of Formulas     518
Formula Mixing     520
Dispersion     520
Processing Properties     521
Physical Properties     522
Silica Surface Area     524
Compounding Materials
Elastomers     527
Natural Rubber (NR)     528
Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR)     530
Polybutadiene Rubber (BR)     531
Ethylene Propylene Rubbers (EPM, EPDM)     532
Neoprene (CR)     533
Nitrile Rubber (NBR)     533
Sulfur-Based Cure Systems     534
Non-Sulfur Cure Systems     537
Antidegradants     538
Other Additives     542
Rubber Processing
Mastication     545
Masterbatching     545
Remilling      546
Finish Mixing     546
Extruding     546
Calendering     547
Vulcanization     547
Physical Testing of Rubber
Processability     551
Vulcanizate Tests     555
Weather and Ozone Resistance Tests     562
Accelerated Aging Tests     564
Fluid Resistance Tests     565
Low-Temperature Properties Tests     566
Common Compounding Abbreviations     569
Index     573