Practical Flatfish Culture and Stock Enhancement Book

Contributors

USAS Preface

Preface Wade O. Watanabe Watanabe, Wade O.

Acknowledgments

Section 1 North and South America Culture

1 Halibut aquaculture in North America Nick Brown Brown, Nick 3

1.1 Life history and biology 3

1.2 Broodstock 5

1.3 Biosecurity 5

1.4 Photothermal conditioning 7

1.5 Monitoring gonad development 7

1.6 Larval culture 11

1.7 Potential for stock enhancement 17

1.8 Growout 17

1.9 Production economics 21

1.10 Summary: industry constraints and future expectations 22

2 Culture of Chilean flounder Alfonso Silva Silva, Alfonso 30

2.1 Life history and biology 30

2.2 Broodstock husbandry 34

2.3 Larval culture 38

2.4 Weaning and nursery culture and grow out 40

2.5 Growout 41

2.6 Needs for future research 43

3 California halibut Raul Piedrahita Piedrahita, Raul 46

3.1 Broodstock culture 47

3.2 Spawning 48

3.3 Larval rearing 50

3.4 Juvenile culture 53

3.5 Density 56

3.6 Commercial trials 57

4 Culture of summer flounder George Nardi Nardi, George 65

4.1 Life history and biology 65

4.2 Broodstock husbandry 67

4.3 Larval culture 68

4.4 Nursery culture and growout 73

4.5 Summary 76

5 Culture of southern flounder Christopher Dumas Dumas, Christopher 82

5.1 Life history and biology 82

5.2 Broodstock husbandry 83

5.3 Larviculture 88

5.4 Growout 89

5.5 Diseases 95

5.6 Marketing 95

5.7 Hatchery economics 96

5.8 Production economics 96

5.9 Summary: industry constraints and future expectations 98

5.10 Conclusions 98

6 Culture of winter flounder Elizabeth A. Fairchild Fairchild, Elizabeth A. 101

6.1 Life history and biology 101

6.2 Broodstock husbandry 102

6.3 Larval culture 108

6.4 Nursery culture and growout 112

6.5 Growout 116

6.6 Summary 116

Section 2 Europe Culture

7 Turbot culture Jeannine Person-Le Ruyet Ruyet, Jeannine Person-Le 125

7.1 Life history and biology 125

7.2 Broodstock husbandry 126

7.3 Hatchery culture 128

7.4 Nursery culture and transition to growout 132

7.5 Growout 133

7.6 Harvesting, processing, and marketing 135

7.7 Production economics 136

7.8 Summary: industry constraints and future expectations 137

Section 3 Asia and Australia Culture

8 Culture of Japanese flounder Yuichiro Fujinami Fujinami, Yuichiro 143

8.1 Aquaculture production 143

9 Culture of olive flounder: Korean perspective Seunghyung Lee Lee, Seunghyung 156

9.1 Current status of olive flounder in Korea 156

9.2 Basic biology and ecology 157

9.3 Nutrition and feeding 162

9.4 Future issues and needs for development 166

10 Culture of greenback flounder Piers R. Hart Hart, Piers R. 169

10.1 Life history and biology 169

10.2 Broodstock husbandry 170

10.3 System design and requirements 170

10.4 Photothermal conditioning 170

10.5 Monitoring gonad development 170

10.6 Diet and nutrition 171

10.7 Controlled spawning 171

10.8 Collection of eggs and egg incubation 172

10.9 Larval culture 174

10.10 Hatchery protocols 174

10.11 Water quality 175

10.12 Food and feeding 177

10.13 Formulated feeds 177

10.14 Hatchery economics 178

10.15 Genetics for culture versus enhancement 178

10.16 Nursery culture and growout 179

10.17 Environmental conditions 179

10.18 Diet and nutrition 180

10.19 Health issues 180

10.20 Stocking and splitting 181

10.21 Marketing 181

10.22 Production economics 182

10.23 Summary: industry constraints and future expectations 182

11 Culture of turbot: Chinese perspective Xin-Fu Liu Liu, Xin-Fu 185

11.1 Introduction 185

11.2 Broodstock husbandry 185

11.3 Larval culture 190

11.4 Nursery culture and growout 193

11.5 Growout 196

11.6 Summary: industry constraints and future expectations 200

Section 4 North and South America Stock Enhancement

12 Stock enhancement of southern and summer flounder Yoh Yamashita Yamashita, Yoh 205

12.1 Introduction 205

12.2 Previous work 206

12.3 Rationale for stocking 206

12.4 Likelihood stocking would increase production 207

12.5 Management changes to support stocking efforts 209

12.6 Potential risks and rewards of stocking 209

12.7 Issues that need resolution before stocking is implemented 210

12.8 Hatchery and stocking protocols to increase success 210

12.9 Socioeconomic aspects 211

12.10 Who should pay? 212

12.11 Conclusion 212

Section 5 Europe Stock Enhancement

13 Stock enhancement Europe: turbot Psetta maxima C. R. Sparrevohn Sparrevohn, C. R. 219

13.1 Introduction 219

13.2 Turbot production 220

13.3 Turbot stocking 221

13.4 Rationale for turbot stocking 221

13.5 Origin of fish for stocking 224

13.6 Marking and tagging techniques 224

13.7 Release procedures 225

13.8 Choice of release site/habitat 226

13.9 Release strategy and magnitude of release 227

13.10 Postrelease mortality and conditioning 228

13.11 Cost-benefit of the releases 232

13.12 Perspectives 232

13.13 Acknowledgments 233

Section 6 Asia Stock Enhancement

14 Stock enhancement of Japanese flounder in Japan Masato Aritaki Aritaki, Masato 239

14.1 Background 239

14.2 Summary of catch and stock enhancement data for Japanese flounder 240

14.3 Release strategy 241

14.4 Evaluation of the effectiveness of the stock enhancement 248

14.5 Future perspectives 251

14.6 Acknowledgments 251

Section 7 Flatfish Worldwide

15 Disease diagnosis and treatment Oddvar H. Ottesen Ottesen, Oddvar H. 259

15.1 General signs of disease 259

15.2 Viral diseases 260

15.3 Bacterial diseases 265

15.4 Parasitic and other eukaryotic diseases 268

15.5 Noninfectious diseases 272

15.6 Health management in flatfish aquaculture 278

16 Flatfish as model research animals: metamorphosis and sex determination John Godwin Godwin, John 286

16.1 Metamorphosis 287

16.2 Sex determination 293

16.3 Conclusion and future research directions 298

16.4 Acknowledgments 299

17 Behavioral quality of flatfish for stock enhancement Reji Masuda Masuda, Reji 303

17.1 Behavioral quality and the hatchery environment 304

17.2 Tactics for reducing the impact of behavioral deficits 307

17.3 Life history considerations 308

17.4 Environmental enrichment 308

17.5 Nutritional factors and foraging 312

17.6 Predator avoidance 313

17.7 Behavioral indicators 316

17.8 Conclusion and recommendations 317

18 Summary and conclusions Harry Daniels Daniels, Harry 323

18.1 Life history and biology 323

18.2 Broodstock husbandry 325

18.3 Monitoring gonad development 329

18.4 Larval culture 331

18.5 Water quality 332

18.6 Nursery culture 340

18.7 Growout 343

18.8 Harvesting, processing, and marketing 350

18.9 Industry status 353

18.10 Summary: industry constraints and future expectations 354

Index 358