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Book Categories |
Foreword to the First Edition | ||
Foreword to the Second Edition | ||
Preface to the Second Edition | ||
Acknowledgments | ||
Introduction | 1 | |
Reforming Schools and Classrooms | 3 | |
Explanations for Constancy and Change | 14 | |
Pt. I | Progressivism and Classroom Practice, 1890-1990 | |
Ch. 1 | Teaching at the Turn of the Century: Tradition and Challenge | 23 |
Elementary School Classrooms | 24 | |
High School Classrooms | 31 | |
Similarities and Differences in Instruction | 37 | |
Student-Centered Instruction | 38 | |
Ch. 2 | Behind the Classroom Door: New York, 1920-1940 | 46 |
Classrooms in the City | 50 | |
New York City Schools | 51 | |
Organizational Context for Classroom Teaching | 55 | |
Social Context for Classrooms | 61 | |
Implementing Progressive Practices | 64 | |
Ch. 3 | Behind the Classroom Door: Denver, 1920-1940 | 76 |
The District Setting | 78 | |
The Eight-Year Study | 83 | |
The Classroom | 86 | |
Ch. 4 | Behind the Classroom Door: Washington, D.C., 1920-1940 | 92 |
The Social and Organizational Setting for Classroom Instruction | 95 | |
Summary of Classroom Practices in Three Cities | 112 | |
Ch. 5 | Rural and Urban Schools: 1920-1940 | 115 |
Rural Michigan Classrooms | 117 | |
Rural Classrooms Across the Nation | 120 | |
Rural Black Schools | 126 | |
Photos and Written Accounts of Rural Classrooms | 128 | |
Prevalent Teaching Practices in Rural and Urban Schools | 130 | |
Pt. II | Open Classrooms and Alternative Schools: Progressivism Revisited, 1965-1975 | |
Ch. 6 | Informal Education, 1965-1975 | 149 |
The Setting for Informal Classrooms: The 1960s | 150 | |
Open Classrooms: The 1970s | 154 | |
New York City | 162 | |
Regular and Alternative High Schools | 173 | |
Washington, D.C. | 180 | |
The National Picture | 196 | |
Ch. 7 | Local and National Snapshots of Classroom Practices, 1975-1990 | 205 |
Arlington, Virginia, 1974-1981 | 208 | |
National Data on Classroom Practice, 1975-1990 | 222 | |
Teaching Practices in the 1980s | 229 | |
Pt. III | Constancy and Change in the Classroom, 1890-1990 | |
Ch. 8 | Explaining How They Taught: An Exploratory Analysis | 243 |
Phases and Levels of School Reform | 243 | |
Explanations | 248 | |
Applying the Criteria to the Arguments | 256 | |
Situationally Constrained Choice | 260 | |
Ch. 9 | So What? Implications for Policymakers, Practitioners, and Researchers | 272 |
Overall Implications for Those Who Seek to Reform Classroom Teaching | 276 | |
Appendix | 291 | |
Notes | 295 | |
References | 327 | |
Index | 347 | |
About the Author | 359 |
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