A Historical and Contemporary Look at Psychological Systems Book

Foreword     ix
Preface     xiii
A Historical Look     1
The Beginnings of Science and the Concepts of Soul     3
Preconditions for the Development of Science     3
Egypt and Mesopotamia     4
The Israelites     5
Persia     5
Greece: Birthplace of Science     6
The Roman Empire     18
The Rise of Islam     24
The Rise of Christianity in Western Europe     25
Summary     28
Discussion Questions     30
The Beginnings of Modern Science and the Modern Concept of Mind     31
The Heliocentric Theory     31
The Decline of Aristotle     32
Decline of the Roman Catholic Church     34
Materialistic Tendencies     35
The Royal Society     38
British Empiricism     42
German Idealism     45
Summary     50
Discussion Questions     52
The Beginnings of Psychology as a Separate Field of Study     53
The First Scientifically Oriented Psychology Books     54
Faculty Psychology     54
Associationism     55
The Beginnings of ModernPsychiatry     57
Neurological Advances     58
The Astronomy Connection     62
Psychophysics     63
Darwin's Theory of Evolution     66
Impact of Darwin's Theory     67
Summary     70
Discussion Questions     72
The Rise of Competing Schools of Psychology     73
Voluntarism and Structuralism     73
Reactions to Wundt's and Titchener's Approaches     75
Applications     82
Studies of Memory     84
The Study of Reflexes     86
Psychoanalysis     87
Further Developments in Functionalism     89
Summary     92
Discussion Questions     94
The Behavioral Revolution     96
Behaviorism: An Outgrowth of Functionalism     96
Logical Positivism     100
Operationism     101
Gestalt Psychology: An Early Opponent of Behaviorism     102
The Predominance of Behaviorism     104
Summary     104
Discussion Questions     105
The Aftermath of the Behavioral Revolution     107
Behavioral Psychology     108
Cognitivism      111
Psychodynamics     115
Humanistic Psychology     116
Evolutionary Psychology     119
Neuroscience     123
Summary     125
Discussion Questions     127
The Four Systems Up Close: Internal Differences     129
Behavioral Approach     129
Cognitive Approach     141
Psychodynamic Approach     147
Humanistic Approach     155
Summary     162
Discussion Questions     164
A Contemporary Look     165
Consciousness     167
Humanistic Approach     169
Psychodynamic Approach     175
Cognitive Approach     176
Behavioral Approach     188
Summary     196
Discussion Questions     198
Divisions of the Whole Person     199
Humanistic Approach     204
Psychodynamic Approach     208
Cognitive Approach     210
Behavioral Approach     217
Summary     220
Discussion Questions     222
Teleology: Can the Future Affect the Present     223
Humanistic Approach     224
Psychodynamic Approach      234
Cognitive Approach     236
Behavioral Approach     238
Summary     244
Discussion Questions     246
The Issue of Free Will: Determinism vs. Indeterminism     247
Humanistic Approach     249
Psychodynamic Approach     251
Cognitive Approach     253
Behavioral Approach     257
Summary     263
Discussion Questions     264
The Problem of Values     266
Humanistic Approach     268
Psychodynamic Approach     271
Cognitive Approach     273
Behavioral Approach     275
Summary     278
Discussion Questions     279
Spirituality     280
Humanistic Approach     281
Psychodynamic Approach     294
Cognitive Approach     299
Behavioral Approach     304
Summary     307
Discussion Questions     308
Therapy     310
Humanistic Approach     310
Psychodynamic Approach     316
Cognitive Approach     321
Behavioral Approach     328
Relative Therapeutic Effectiveness of the Four Approaches     335
Summary     338
Discussion Questions     340
Scientific Research     341
Humanistic Approach     342
Psychodynamic Approach     353
Cognitive Approach     357
Behavioral Approach     358
Summary     361
Discussion Questions     363
Conclusion     365
Discussion Questions     370
References     372
Author Index     393
Subject Index     399