Traditions of the Rabbis from the Era of the New Testament: Prayer and Agriculture, Vol. 1 Book

	Foreword	XVII
	Preface	XVIII
	Abbreviations	XX
	Introduction to Rabbinic Traditions	1
	The Authors of Rabbinic Literature	3
	Collections of Rabbinic Traditions	6
	The Structure of Rabbinic Law	12
	Editions and Translations	16
	Rabbinic Generations	18
	Dating Rabbinic Traditions	28
	Tractate Berakhot: Blessings (Prayer)
	Definitions and Outline	41
M.Ber.1.1-2	When to recite the Shema	42
M.Ber.2.5-3.6	Who recites the Shema?	48
M.Ber.4.1-4	When to pray the Eighteen Benedictions	52
M.Ber.4.5-5.2	How you should pray the Eighteen	63
M.Ber.5.3-5	Errors when you pray the Eighteen	67
M.Ber.6.1-8	Blessings and Grace after Meals	72
M.Ber.7.1-5	Saying Grace after Meals for a group	77
M.Ber.8.1-8	School rulings concerning meals	84
M.Ber.9.1-5	Other blessings	92
	The Eighteen Benedictions	96
	Summary and Conclusions	118
	Tractate Peah: Leftovers Of Harvest For The Poor
	Definitions and Outline	121
M.Pea.1.1-3	What proportion of a crop is leftovers?	122
M.Pea.1.4-6	Crops subject to leftovers, and to tithes	127
M.Pea.2.1-4	What defines a single area for leftovers?	130
M.Pea.2.5-3.4	Borders of a mixed crop	132
M.Pea.3.5-8	Multiple ownership of a field	138
M.Pea.4.1-9	Restricting access of the poor to leftovers	138
M.Pea.4.10-11	Defining 'gleanings'	141
M.Pea.5.1-3	Poor portion which became mixed with the crop	141
M.Pea.5.4-6	Who is a 'poor' person?	143
M.Pea.5.7-6.6	When is a sheaf forgotten?	144
M.Pea.6.7-7.2	Unharvested crop which cannot be forgotten	152
M.Pea.7.3	Peret - separated fruit	153
M.Pea.7.4-8	Olelot - defective bunches of fruit	153
M.Pea.8.1	The poor collect leftovers first	157
M.Pea.8.2-4	The poor do not tithe the poor tithe or leftovers	157
M.Pea.8.5-7	How much poor tithe do you give someone?	158
M.Pea.8.8-9	Who is 'poor' enough for poor tithe?	162
	Related Early Traditions from Other Tractates	162
	Summary and Conclusions	166
	Tractate Demay: Doubtfully Tithed Food
	Definitions and Outline	169
M.Dem.1.1-2.1	What can be suspected of being doubtful?	171
M.Dem.2.2-4.2	Special circumstances re doubtfully tithed food	175
M.Dem.4.3-5.2	How to recognize and process doubtfully tithed food	182
M.Dem.5.3-11	Doubtfully tithed food from different sources	184
M.Dem.6.1-12	How farmers should tithe	186
M.Dem.7.1-6	When you cannot tithe doubtfully tithed food before eating	189
M.Dem.7.7-8	When tithes become doubtful	192
	Summary and Conclusions	192
	Tractate Kilayim: Mixtures
	Definitions and Outline	195
M.Kil.1.1-6	Which plants form mixtures?	196
M.Kil.1.7-2.5	Farming with mixtures of plants	198
M.Kil.2.6-3.7	Separating mixtures of plants	200
M.Kil.4.1-5.8	Vineyards	200
M.Kil.6.1-7.8	Vine trellises	205
M.Kil.8.1-6	Mixtures of animals	209
M.Kil.9.1-10	Mixtures in garments	213
	Related Early Traditions from Other Tractates	216
	Summary And Conclusions	218
	Tractate Shebiit: Sabbath Year
	Definitions and Outline	221
M.Shebi.1.1-8	Tending orchards before the Sabbath Year	223
M.Shebi.2.1-10	Tending fields before the Sabbath Year	225
M.Shebi.3.1-4.6	Tending fields during the Sabbath Year	229
M.Shebi.4.7-5.9	Gathering Sabbath Year produce	235
M.Shebi.6.1-7.7	Produce which is liable to removal	241
M.Shebi.8.1-9.1	Commerce and use of Sabbath Year produce	243
M.Shebi.9.2-9	Removal of Sabbath Year produce	246
M.Shebi.10.1-9	Loans in the Sabbath Year	248
	Related Early Traditions from Other Tractates	251
	Summary and Conclusions	255
	Tractate Terumot: Elevation Offerings
	Definitions and Outline	259
M.Ter.1.1-3,6	Who may elevate?	260
M.Ter.1.4-5, 1.7-3.2	From what can you elevate?	265
M.Ter.3.3-4.6	How does one elevate?	273
M.Ter.4.7-5.9	Neutralizing elevation offerings	276
M.Ter.6.1-8.3	Wrongful consumption of elevation offerings	282
M.Ter.8.4-12	Spoiled food	289
M.Ter.9.1-11.5	Food produced from elevation offerings	293
M.Ter.11.6-10	Elevation offering containers and non-food Items	298
	Related Early Traditions from Other Tractates	298
	Summary and Conclusions	300
	Tractate Maaserot: Tithes (First Tithe)
	Definitions and Outline	305
M.Maas.1.1-7	The earliest and latest time to tithe	306
M.Maas.2.1-4	Eating untithed food before reaching home	309
M.Maas.2.5-6	Eating untithed food which you paid for	311
M.Maas.2.7-3.3	Eating untithed food given as payment	312
M.Maas.3.4-10	Eating Untithed Food Found in a Public Place	312
M.Maas.4.1-5a	Produce which might not be fully processed	312
M.Maas.4.5b-5.8	Produce which might not be food	314
	Summary and Conclusions	317
	Tractate Maaser Sheni: Second Tithe
	Definitions and Outline	321
M.Ms.1.1-7	Purchasing and selling second tithe produce	322
M.Ms.2.1-4	Using second tithe produce	327
M.Ms.2.5-10	Mixing consecrated and deconsecrated coins	327
M.Ms.3.1-3.4	Spending second tithe silver	331
M.Ms.3.5-8	Second tithe inside and outside Jerusalem	331
M.Ms.3.9-13	Second tithe produce which became impure	337
M.Ms.4.1-7	The cost of redeeming second tithe produce	339
M.Ms.4.8-12	Spending and storing second tithe silver	343
M.Ms.5.1-5	Fourth-year produce of vineyards	344
M.Ms.5.6-15	Removal of consecrated produce	349
	Related Early Traditions from Other Tractates	357
	Summary and Conclusions	359
	Tractate Hallah: Dough Offering
	Definitions and Outline	361
M.Hal.1.1-3	Species which are liable to dough offering	362
M.Hal.1.4-8	Dough which is exempt from the dough offering	363
M.Hal.1.9-2.2	The holiness of dough offering	365
M.Hal.2.3-8	How to separate the dough offering	366
M.Hal.3.1-6	When to separate a dough offering	368
M.Hal.3.7-4.6	Dough offerings from mixtures or different batches	370
M.Hal.4.7-11	Dough offerings from outside the Land	370
	Related Early Traditions from Other Tractates	376
	Summary and Conclusions	377
	Tractate Orlah: Forefruit of Young Trees
	Definitions and Outline	379
M.Orl.1.1-5	Which trees are subject to forefruit?	380
M.Orl.1.6-9	Forbidden produce of forefruit trees	380
M.Orl.2.1-3	Tainting by a measure of forefruit (and others)	381
M.Orl.2.4-17	Tainting by the effect of forefruit (and others)	383
M.Orl.3.1-9	Tainting by forefruit (and others), even outside the Land	387
	Related Early Traditions From Other Tractates	390
	Summary and Conclusions	392
	Tractate Bikkurim: Firstfruits
	Definitions and Outline	395
M.Bik.1.1-11	Who can bring firstfruits and who can recite?	396
M.Bik.2.1-5	Comparing firstfruits with tithes and elevation offerings	401
M.Bik.2.6-11	Other comparisons	401
M.Bik.3.1-7	Bringing firstfruits to the Temple	403
M.Bik.3.8-12	Offerings accompanying the firstfruits	412
M.Bik.4.1-5	Comparison of hermaphrodites with men and women	412
	Summary and Conclusions	413
	Glossary & Indexes
	Grammatical Differences with Biblical Hebrew	417
	Transliteration	418
	Glossary of Technical Vocabulary	419
	Index of Named Individuals and Places	431
	Index of Subjects	435
	Index of References to Ancient Literature	444