The Middle East and Islamic World Reader: An Historical Reader for the 21st Century Book

General Introduction 1

Chapter I Islamic Beginnings: Revelation, State Building, and Culture

Introduction 5

1 The Quran and Other Islamic Texts 12

2 Shiite and Sunni Views on Political Legitimacy 21

a Abd al-Hassan Ali al-Mawardi, On Choosing a Caliph 22

b Allama al-Hilli on the Shiite Imamate 24

3 Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Sina [Avicenna], The Ideal Muslim Intellectual 26

4 Rabia al-Adawiyya al-Qaysiyya, A Woman's Voice in Sufi Poetry 29

5 Abu al-Rayhum Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni, A Muslim Scholar Examines Hinduism 31

Chapter II From the Coming of Steppe Peoples to the Age of Gunpowder Empires

Introduction 37

6 Disasters Strike the Muslim World 46

a Usamah ibn Munquidh, An Arab Perspective on the Crusades 46

b Rashid al-Din Fazlullah, The Mongol Conquest of Baghdad 48

c Ahmad al-Maqrizi, The Bubonic Plague in Syria and Egypt 51

7 Abd al-Rahman ibn Khaldun, Effective Rule and Dynastic Cycles 54

8 Shah Abbas and Emperor Jahangir Debate the Persian Conquest of Kandahar 58

9 Suraiya Faroqhi, Ottoman Women's Lives 62

Chapter III Contradictions of Modernity: Imperialism and Social Change

Introduction 69

10 Decrees from the Ottoman Tanzimat 80

a The Gulhane Proclamation 81

b An Ottoman "Bill of Rights" 82

11 Social and Economic Change in the Ottoman Empire 84

a Suraiya Faroqhi, Ottoman Peasants 85

b Hanna Batatu, Political Centralization in Iraq and Kurdistan 88

c Donald Quataert, Manufacturing Workshops 92

d Alexander Scholch, European Trade with Palestine 95

12 Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Plan for Islamic Union 97

Chapter IV The Two World Wars and their Aftermaths

Introduction 103

13 Conflicting Promises During World War I 113

a Sharif Husayn ibn Ali, Desire for Arab Independence 113

b Sir Henry McMahon, Qualifying British Pledges 115

c The Sykes-Picot Agreement on Dividing up Arab Lands 116

14 Vahakn N. Dadrian, The Fate of the Armenians in World War I 119

15 Challenges to New Nations: Afghanistan, Turkey, and the Fertile Crescent 122

a Queen Soraya, The Liberation of Afghan Women 123

b Mustafa Kemal, Design for a Modern Secular Turkish State 125

c Halidé Edib [Adivar], Dictatorship and Reform in Turkey 127

d Michel Aflaq, Purifying the National Ideal: Baath Ideology 132

16 Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Divide India; Create Pakistan 135

17 Peter J. Sluglett and Marion Farouk-Sluglett, Divide and Rule in British-Controlled Iraq 138

Chapter V Arabs and Zionists Struggle Over Palestine

Introduction 147

18 Zionism and its Early Arab Opponents 165

a Theodor Herzl, Zionism: The Vision of an Eventual Jewish State 165

b Rashid Rida, Pay Attention to Zionist Encroachment 168

c "Tiberias," Warning of Zionist Colonization 169

19 The Balfour Declaration and the Mandate Period 170

a The Balfour Declaration: AJewish Home in Palestine 170

b The General Syrian Congress, Our Objections to Zionism and Western Imperialism 171

c James Ramsay MacDonald, Letter to Chaim Weizmann 173

d Vladimir Jabotinsky, Let Us Settle Palestine and Transjordan 174

20 Palestine on Eve of World War II 176

a Ted Swedenburg, The Palestinian Revolt, 1936-39 177

b The Arab Response to the Proposed Partition of Palestine 182

c The British Government's White Paper on Palestine 184

d The Biltmore Program 186

21 The Creation of the State of Israel 188

a UN General Assembly, the Partition Plan: Resolution #181 189

b UN General Assembly, Palestinian Right of Return: Resolution #194 191

c The Israeli Knesset, The Law of Return 192

22 Arab Assertions: Out of Despair Revived Nationalism 193

a Nizar Qabbani, The Catastrophe of Arab Defeat 194

b Palestinian National Council, The National Charter 198

23 Reaching for Peace: United Nations Security Council Resolutions 201

a UN Resolution #242: Withdrawal from Occupied Territory 201

b UN Resolution #338: End the Fighting 203

24 Transformation of Palestinian Politics 203

a Yasir Arafat, We Recognize Israel 204

b Hanan Mikhail-Ashrawi, The Meaning of the Intifada 205

c Charter of the Islamic Resistance Movement of Palestine (Hamas) 207

25 The Peace Process 211

a Principles of a Peace Agreement-Oslo, Norway 212

b Yitzhak Rabin, The Price of Occupation 214

c The Taba Negotiations 215

26 Impasse and New Intifada 221

a King Husayn I of Jordan, Eulogy of Yitzhak Rabin 221

b Ariel Sharon, Program for Dealing with the Palestinians 222

c Marwan Barghouti, Grassroots Leadership and the Second Intifada 225

d The Arab League, Ratification of the Peace Plan Proposed by Crown Prince Abdullah ibn Abd al-Aziz of Saudi Arabia 228

e Palestinian Intellectuals' Urgent Appeal to Stop Suicide Bombings 230

f George W. Bush, A New and Different Palestinian Leadership 232

Chapter VI Geopolitics of Oil and the Cold War Conflict

Introduction 237

27 U.S. Presidential Policies, 1947-2002 244

a The Truman Doctrine 245

b The Eisenhower Doctrine 247

c George H. W. Bush, The New World Order 248

d William J. Clinton, The Battle Against. Terrorism 250

e George W. Bush, Beyond Containment and Deterrence to Preemptive Action 251

28 Intervention and Revolution in Iran 253

a Muhammad Mossadeq, Nationalizing Iranian Oil 254

b Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, Iran in Imperialism's Clutches 255

c Ervand Abrahamian, Democracy or Theocracy: Iran's Islamic Republic 257

29 OPEC and the World Economy 262

a Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: Getting Our Share 262

b Crown Prince Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz, Oil and the World Economy 263

30 Wars at the End of the Twentieth Century and the Beginning of the Twenty-First 266

a Joe Stork, The First Gulf War: Iran vs. Iraq, 1980-88 266

b The United Nations and the Second Gulf War: Security Council Resolution #687 269

c George H.W. Bush, The Second Gulf War and Kicking the Vietnam Syndrome 271

d Zbigniew Brzezinski, "Some Stirred-up Muslims": Reflections on Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan 273

Chapter VII Ideologies, Movements, and Social Trends

Introduction 277

31 Egypt and Lebanon: Secularism and Confessionalism 288

a Jamal Abd al-Nasser, Arab Socialism 289

b Anwar Sadat, Infitah: Opening to the West 291

c The Taif Agreement: Syrian Influence over Lebanon 293

32 Early Ideologues of Islamic Radicalism 296

a Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Taimiyya, Against Heretical Innovation 297

b Hasan al-Banna, Overcome Western Materialism 300

c Sayyid Qutb, Corruptions of the Modern World 303

33 Modern Islamic Radicalism 306

a Saad Eddin Ibrahim, Egypt's Islamic Militants 307

b Taliban Decrees about Women, Men's Beards, Children's Games and Music 310

Chapter VIII 9/11: Terrorism and Wars; Arab Citizens' Revolt

Introduction 317

34 The Threat of Osama bin Laden and American Responses 325

a Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders: The 1998 Fatwa 326

b George W. Bush, Hand Over Terrorists or Share Their Fate 328

c Congresswoman Barbara Lee, No Blank Check to President Bush 330

35 The Policy Debate 332

a George W. Bush, Battling the Axis of Evil 332

b Brent Scowcroft, Don't Attack Saddam 335

36 President Obama's Vision for New Beginnings in the Middle East: Cairo University, Egypt, June 4, 2009 337

37 WikiLeaks 344

a Saudi Royal Wealth: Where Do They Get All That Money? 346

b Corruption in Tunisia: What's Yours Is Mine 344

c Egypt Seen from the Inside 349

38 The Arab Citizens' Revolt 353

a Stuart Schaar, Arab Dictatorships Under Fire in the New Information Age 353

b Paul Amar, Why Mubarack Is Out 357

39 The Historical Context: The West and Islam 363

a Bernard Lewis, The Clash of Civilizations 363

b Edward W. Said, The Clash of Ignorance 367

c Stuart Schaar, Orientalism's Persistence in Mass Culture and Foreign Policy 372

Epilogue 377

Glossary 383

Select Bibliography 391

Index 399