Jewish Backgrounds of the New Testament Book

	Illustrations	9
	Preface	11
	Abbreviations	15
	Introduction and Definitions	17
Pt. 1	The Background and Setting of Intertestamental Judaism
1	Sources of Information	29
2	The Geography of the Land of Israel	41
3	A Survey of the Old Testament	53
4	Old Testament Ideas and Institutions	63
5	A Survey of the History of Intertestamental and New Testament Judaism	73
Pt. 2	The Crises and Responses of Intertestamental Judaism
6	Crises of the Sixth and Fourth Centuries	107
7	The General Response of Intertestamental Judaism to the Crises	121
8	Intertestamental Attempts to Reconstruct Traditional (Old Testament) Institutions	147
9	Scribes and Tradition	165
10	Apocalyptic	181
11	Divisions, Sects, and Parties	195
12	Common Life in First-Century Israel	233
Pt. 3	The Religious Thought of Intertestamental Judaism: A Background for Christian Customs and Controversies
13	Religious Thought of Intertestamental Judaism	265
14	The Final Age	283
15	The Kingdom of God	297
16	The Messianic Hope	307
17	Covenant and Law in the Final Age	325
18	Intertestamental Jewish Attitudes toward Gentiles	335
	Epilog	353
App. A	The Apocrypha of the Old Testament	357
App. B	The Pseudepigraphal Books	358
App. C	Tractates of the Mishnah, Talmud, and Tosephta	360
App. D	Crucifixion	364
App. E	The Jewish Daily Prayer and the Exclusion of Jewish Christians	366
App. F	Apocalyptic Literature and Inspired Scripture	368
App. G	Interpreting Apocalyptic Literature	370
App. H	How Scholarship Works	373
	Bibliography	375
	Index of Scripture and Jewish Writings	387
	Subject Index	401