Pharmaceutical Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians Book

Fundamentals of Calculations     1
Numbers and Numerals     2
Kinds of Numbers     2
Arabic Numbers     3
Roman Numerals     3
Arabic and Roman Numerals     5
Common Fractions, Decimal Fractions, and Percents     5
Fractions     6
Fractions     12
Decimal Fractions     15
Decimal Fractions     19
Percent     20
Percent     21
Ratio and Proportion     22
Ratio     22
Proportion     24
Ratio and Proportion     28
Dimensional Analysis     29
Dimensional Analysis     31
Significant Figures     31
Significant Figures     32
Practice Problems     32
Systems of Measure     37
Metric System     38
Measure of Length     38
Measure of Volume     39
Measure of Weight     39
Metric System Fundamental Computations     42
Metric System     46
Apothecaries' System of Measure     47
Avoirdupois System     48
Avoirdupois System     49
Household System     49
Household System     50
Other Common Drug Measurements     51
Conversions among Systems of Measurement     51
Conversions among Systems of Measurement     54
Measurement of Time     56
Measurement of Time     57
Practice Problems     57
Interpretation of the Prescription or Medication Order     66
Overview     67
Prescription Abbreviations     76
Medication Scheduling and Patient Compliance     77
Interpreting Prescriptions     80
Practice Problems     81
Equipment Used in Measuring     83
Measurement of Volume     84
Measurement of Weight     88
Percentage of Error     89
Calculating Percentage of Error in Volumetric Measurement     90
Calculating Percentage of Error in Weighing     90
Equipment Used in Measurement     91
Practice Problems     92
Understanding Drug Labels     94
Brand and Generic Names     95
Dosage Strength     97
Dosage Form     97
Total Volume     97
National Drug Code      100
Bar Codes     101
Lot Numbers and Expiration Dates     102
USP/NF     103
Additional Label Information     103
Combination Drug Labels     105
Unit Dose Labels     107
Practice Problems     110
Calculations of Oral Doses     117
Calculation of Doses     119
Solving Using Ratio-Proportion Method     119
Solving Using a Formula     123
Solving Using Dimensional Analysis     124
Solving by Ratio-Proportion, Formula, and/or Dimensional Analysis     126
Calculation of Quantities for Courses of Therapy     129
Calculation of Quantities for Courses of Therapy     131
Miscellaneous Dosage Problems     136
Determining the Number of Doses in a Specified Amount of Medication     136
Determining the Size of a Dose, Given a Specified Amount of Medicine and the Number of Doses It Contains     137
Determining the Amount of a Medicine Given the Number of Doses it Contains and the Size of Each Dose     138
Determining the Quantity of an Ingredient in a Specified Total Amount, Given the Quantity of the Ingredient in Each Specified Dose     140
Practice Problems     141
Calculations for Pediatric Doses      149
Pediatric Patients     150
Drug Dosage Based on Body Weight     151
Drug Dosage Based on Body Weight     152
Drug Dosage Based on Body Surface Area     156
Body Surface Area Dosage with Relation to Weight in Children     156
Use of Dosing Tables Based on Body Surface Area     158
Body Surface Area Dosage in Relation to Weight and Height in Children or Adults     158
Calculation of Doses When the BSA Is Known     161
Drug Dosage Based on Body Surface Area     161
Practice Problems     162
Reducing and Enlarging Formulas     168
Formulas That Specify Amounts of Ingredients     171
Calculating Quantities of Ingredients When Reducing or Enlarging a Formula     171
Formulas That Specify Proportional Parts     174
Calculating Quantities of Ingredients in Formula Preparation with Specified Proportional Parts     174
Calculating Quantities of Ingredients When Proportional Parts Are Reckoned from the Formula     175
Using Formulas to Calculate Amounts of Ingredients     176
Practice Problems     111
Percentage, Ratio Strength, and Other Expressions of Concentration     181
Percentage and Percentage Preparations     182
Percentage Weight-in-Volume      183
Percentage Weight-in-Volume     186
Percentage Volume-in-Volume     188
Percentage Volume-in-Volume     190
Percentage Weight-in-Weight     191
Percentage Weight-in-Weight     192
Ratio Strength     193
Ratio Strength Given Percentage Strength     194
Percentage Strength Given Ratio Strength     194
Ratio Strength of Solution or Liquid Preparation, Given Weight of Solute in a Specified Volume     195
Problems Involving Ratio Strength     195
Ratio Strength     197
Simple Conversions of Concentration to Milligrams per Milliliter     198
Practice Problems     199
Dilution and Concentration     207
Relationship Between Strength and Total Quantity     208
Dilution and Concentration of Liquids     209
Determination of Percentage or Ratio Strength     209
Determining Amount of Solution of a Desired Strength     211
Stock Solutions     213
Amount of Solution Needed to Prepare Desired Solution     213
Using a Stock Vial or Ampuls     216
Stock Solutions     218
Determining Quantity of Active Ingredient in Specified Amount of Solution Given Strength of Diluted Portion      220
Amount of Diluent Needed for Preparing Solution of Specified Lower Strength     221
Dilution and Concentration of Solids     222
Miscellaneous Problems     222
Dilution and Concentration of Solids     224
Alligation     225
Alligation Medial     225
Alligation Alternate     226
Alligation     230
Practice Problems     232
Some Calculations Involving Units, Micrograms per Milliliter, and Other Measures of Potency     241
Insulin and Penicillin     243
Heparin     243
Biologics     246
Amount of Drug Equivalent to Dose in Units     246
Equivalency Based on Microgram Activity per Milligram     247
Units, Micrograms per Milliliter, and Other Measures of Potency     247
Practice Problems     248
Reconstituted Solutions and Intravenous Admixtures     250
Constitution of Powders     251
Oral Solution or Oral Suspension     251
Parenteral Use     255
Reconstituted Solutions     260
Intravenous Admixtures     262
Additives Needed for Admixture with Large-Volume Fluid to Produce Infusion of Specified Content      263
Parenteral Nutrition     265
Component Sources Needed for Admixture to Provide Required Amount of Additives     267
Practice Problems     269
Intravenous Rate of Flow Calculations     273
Common IV Solutions     275
Common IV Solutions     276
Rate of Flow of Intravenous Fluids     277
Large-Volume Intravenous Fluid Delivery over Specified Period     278
Rate of Flow of Intravenous Fluids     278
Manually Regulated IV Flow Rates     279
Manually Regulated IV Flow Rates     280
Adjustment of Flow Rates     281
Adjustment of Flow Rates     282
IV Rate Calculations for the Critical Care Patient     282
Flow Rates for the Critical Care Patient with Fluid Limits     283
IV Rate Calculations for the Critical Care Patient     287
Practice Problems     288
Contemporary Compounding     293
Use of Prefabricated Dosage Forms in Compounding     294
Use of Prefabricated Dosage Forms in Compounding     300
Pharmaceutical Formulas     304
Pharmaceutical Formulas     305
Practice Problems     306
Review Set Solutions     311
Critical Thinking Answers     369
Glossary     373
Index     383