Intractable Epilep Ain V97 Book

Sect. 1	Epidemiology and cost
1	Burden of intractable epilepsy	1
2	Defining intractable epilepsy	5
3	Outcome measures in intractable epilepsy	11
Sect. 2	Focal epileptic seizures : temporal/limbic
4	Focal seizures : intractability and semiology	17
5	The syndrome of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis : clinical features and differential diagnosis	27
6	Clinical aspects of temporal/limbic epilepsy and their relationships to intractability	39
7	Clinical electrophysiology factors indicative of intractability in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy	45
8	Epilepsy-based changes in hippocampal excitability : causes and effects	63
9	Selective degeneration and synaptic reorganization of hippocampal interneurons in a chronic model of temporal lobe epilepsy	69
10	Parahippocampal networks, intractability, and the chronic epilepsy of kindling	77
11	Novel mechanisms underlying drug resistance in temporal lobe epilepsy	85
12	Failure of surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy : a review of selected aspects	97
Sect. 3	Focal epileptic seizures : neocortical
13	Neocortical epilepsy : aspects distinguishing intractable from benign neocortical epilepsies	105
14	Intractable epilepsies of the neocortex : basic mechanisms	117
15	Simultaneous electroencephalogram-functional magnetic resonance imaging in neocortical epilepsies	129
Sect. 4	Generalized epileptic seizures
16	What intractability information is there in the type of generalized seizure?	141
17	Neuronal substrates of spike-wave seizures and hypsarrhythmia in corticothalamic systems	149
18	Novel strategies for the development of animal models of refractory epilepsy	155
19	Participation of cortical glial cells to the genesis of spike-wave seizures	173
Sect. 5	Intractable epilepsy in the intensive care unit
20	Status epilepticus and refractory status epilepticus : introductory and summary statements	183
21	Basic mechanisms in status epilepticus : role of calcium in neuronal injury and the induction of epileptogenesis	187
22	Epidemiology and clinical presentation of status epilepticus	199
23	Status epilepticus and brain damage : pathology and pathophysiology	217
24	Nonconvulsive seizures and electroencephalogram monitoring in the intensive care unit	221
25	Status epilepticus in pediatric practice : neonate to adolescent	229
26	Current approach to the diagnosis and treatment of refractory status epilepticus	245
Sect. 6	Neuroimaging
27	Magnetic resonance imaging sequences for detection of lesions in refractory epilepsy	255
28	Magnetic resonance imaging in intractable epilepsy : focus on structural image analysis	273
29	High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), surface coil MRI, and magnetoencephalography	279
30	Magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques for localizing epileptogenic zones in refractory partial epilepsy	285
Sect. 7	Consequences : is intractable epilepsy progressive?
31	Animal models of epilepsy and progressive effects of seizures	293
32	Mechanisms that might underlie progression of the epilepsies and how to potentially alter them	305
33	Clinical evidence that epilepsy is not a progressive disorder with special emphasis on epilepsy syndromes that do not progress	315
34	Clinical evidence that epilepsy is a progressive disorder with special emphasis on epilepsy syndromes that do progress	323
Sect. 8	Comorbidity
35	Psychosocial comorbidity in epilepsy	333
36	Behavioral comorbidities : attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - human and animal studies	339
37	Medical comorbidity in intractable epilepsy	345
38	Intractable epilepsy, hormonal and reproductive problems : human and animal studies	351
Sect. 9	Neuropsychological profiles
39	Neuropsychological profiles	357
Sect. 10	The social impacts of intractable epilepsy
40	Intractable epilepsy and patterns of psychiatric comorbidity	367
41	Psychological treatment in intractable epilepsy : approaches, evidence, and future directions	375
Sect. 11	Genetics
42	Monogenic epilepsies in humans : molecular mechanisms and relevance for the study of intractable epilepsy	381
43	Polygenic epilepsy	389
44	On the road to tractability : the current biochemical understanding of progressive myoclonus epilepsies	399
Sect. 12	Therapy : development of new antiepileptic drugs
45	Major targets and mechanisms of antiepileptic drugs and major reasons for failure	417
46	Designing future drugs for the treatment of intractable epilepsy	429
Sect. 13	Principles of management of intractable epilepsy : children
47	The definition and prediction of intractable epilepsy in children	435
48	Diseases and syndromes associated with intractable epilepsy	443
49	Management of intractable epilepsy in infancy and childhood	463
Sect. 14	Principles of management of intractable epilepsy : adults
50	The spectrum of intractable epilepsy : a proposed scale	493
51	Differential diagnostic considerations in patients with intractable epilepsy	497
52	Investigations : how the data affect management	517
53	Medical management of intractable epilepsy	527
Sect. 15	Surgery
54	Assessment of patients with intractable epilepsy for surgery	537
55	Palliative surgery for intractable epilepsy	549
56	Evaluating surgery effectiveness	557
57	Deep brain stimulation and cortical stimulation in the treatment of epilepsy	563