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Preface | ||
Foreword | ||
1 | The Current Concern with the Low Back | 1 |
Diagnosis | 1 | |
Symptoms Related to the Low Back | 2 | |
Specific Tissue of the Low Back: Sites of Nociception | 6 | |
Factors of Examination to Determine the Pathoanatomic Basis of Symptoms | 8 | |
Tissue Sites of Pain and Impairment | 9 | |
The Intervertebral Disc | 9 | |
Spinal Instability | 10 | |
Radicular Symptoms and Findings | 11 | |
Confirmatory Tests | 13 | |
Myogenic Low Back Pain | 13 | |
Tension Myositis Syndrome | 14 | |
Facet Etiology of Low Back Pain | 18 | |
Spinal Stenosis | 18 | |
Neurologic Determination of Nerve Root Involvement | 18 | |
Clinical Measurement and Muscle Function | 20 | |
Test of an Increase in Intrathecal Pressure | 21 | |
Electromyography | 22 | |
2 | The Vertebral Column | 25 |
The Lumbosacral Spine | 27 | |
Components of the Ligamentous Spine | 29 | |
The Intervertebral Disc | 29 | |
Collagen Fibers | 30 | |
Posterior Spinal Elements | 31 | |
The Zygapophyseal Joints: The Facets | 33 | |
Ligaments in Spinal Function | 35 | |
Muscular System of the Low Back | 35 | |
The Static Spine | 39 | |
Stability of the Static Spine | 40 | |
The Kinetic Lumbar Spine and the Lumbar-Pelvic Rhythm | 42 | |
Preparatory Trunk Motions | 46 | |
3 | The Intervertebral Disc | 58 |
Collagenous Plates | 61 | |
Nuclear Material Causing Nociception | 65 | |
Clinical Manifestations of Disc Disease | 66 | |
4 | The Role of the Facets in Low Back Pain | 71 |
Facet Joint Innervation | 74 | |
Degenerative Facet Disease | 75 | |
Clinical Manifestations of Facet Disease | 75 | |
5 | Muscular Control of the Low Back | 81 |
Spasm | 82 | |
Myogenic Pain | 85 | |
Fatigue | 87 | |
Myalgia | 87 | |
6 | Miscellaneous Abnormal Conditions of the Low Back | 90 |
Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis | 90 | |
Types of Mechanical Listhesis | 90 | |
Symptoms of Spondylolisthesis | 92 | |
Spinal Stenosis | 94 | |
Scoliosis | 96 | |
Piriformis Syndrome | 97 | |
Sacroiliac Disease | 100 | |
Sacro-iliac Pathology Secondary to a Pelvic Fracture | 101 | |
Sacralization of a Transverse Process | 101 | |
7 | Treatment Protocols for Low Back Disorders | 104 |
Management of Acute Symptoms of Low Back Disorders | 110 | |
Steroids and Nonsteroidal Medications | 111 | |
Physical Modalities for Treatment of Low Back Pain | 112 | |
Exercise in the Treatment of Low Back Disorders to Regain Spinal Stability | 115 | |
Psychologic Aspects of Low Back Disorders | 123 | |
Biologic Treatment of Sciatica | 134 | |
Subject Index | 143 |
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