Assessment And Planning In Health Programs Book

Preface xi

Chapter 1 Assessment for Developing Programs and Interventions: The Big Picture 1

Why Conduct a Needs Assessment? 2

To Develop a Sense of Connection and Ownership of the Program among the Target Population 2

To Provide Information Needed to Seek Resources or Funding 3

To Identify Barriers and Limitations of a Program You Want to Implement 3

To Collect Baseline Data for Evaluation 4

To Identify Programming Goals and Objectives 4

To Achieve the Goals of Our Profession 4

Assessment Protocol for Excellence in Public Health 9

Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnership 10

Protocol for Assessing Community Excellence in Environmental Health 10

Precede-Proceed 11

Organizing Your Needs Assessment 14

Coalitions and Partnerships 14

Coalition Example 17

Budgets 19

Timelines 20

Summary 23

Chapter 2 Paint a Picture of Your Target Population: Assessing Assets and Problems 27

Getting Started 28

Quality of Life and Health Status Assessment 29

Epidemiological Assessment 34

Selecting Health Priorities 37

Determining the Sources of Priority Health Problems 40

Selecting Behavioral and Environmental Priorities 46

Identifying the Contributors to Priority Behavioral and Environmental Factors 50

Administrative and Policy Assessment 52

Resource Assessment 53

Implementation Assessment 54

Policy Assessment 54

The Big Picture 55

When Needs Assessment Resources Are Tight 56

Some General Reminders 57

Summary 58

Chapter 3 Data Collection Strategies for Needs Assessments and Evaluations 63

Deciding on Data Collection Strategies 66

Resources 66

People Characteristics 67

Strategies for Secondary Data Collection 68

Vital Statistics 69

Notifiable Diseases 73

Strategies for Primary Data Collection 75

Observations 75

Windshield Tours 81

Photo Voice or Photo Novella 82

Interviews 83

Individual Interviews 85

Group Interviews 89

Special Considerations for Interview Techniques 91

Written Surveys and Questionnaires 91

Special Considerations When Using Surveys and Questionnaires 91

Techniques for Coming to a Group Consensus 95

Document Review 96

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 96

Data Collection: The Big Picture 97

Whom to Include in Your Primary Data Collection: Sampling 98

Probability Sampling 99

Nonprobability Sampling 100

Human Subjects Protection and Institutional Review Boards 101

Summary 102

Chapter 4 Program Planning: The Big Picture 107

Program Planning Steps 108

Step 1 Review the Needs Assessment 108

Step 2 Convene an Advisory Panel or Planning Committee 109

Step 3 Assess and Establish a Budget for Program Planning 110

Step 4 Write and Review a Mission Statement 111

Step 5 Write and Review Program Goals and Program Objectives 111

Step 6 Select a Theory or Theories on Which to Base Your Program 111

Step 7 Review Other Programs to Generate Program Strategy Alternatives 112

Step 8 Assess and Establish the Budget for Program Implementation 113

Step 9 Estimate Time 116

Step 10 Select Strategies and Activities 116

Step 11 Plan Evaluation 117

Step 12 Determine and Establish Cooperative Agreements and Linkages with Other Appropriate Community Agencies 118

Step 13 Write Component-Specific Behavior and Learning Objectives 118

Step 14 Pilot-Test the Intervention 119

Step 15 Implement the Program 119

Logic Models 121

Summary 124

Chapter 5 Social Marketing, Program Planning, and Implementation 127

Consumer Orientation 128

Audience (Market) Segmentation 128

Exchange 129

Marketing Mix 129

Product 129

Price 131

Place 131

Promotion 132

Positioning Strategy 133

Continuous Monitoring 134

VERB?: Another Example 135

Summary 139

Chapter 6 The Importance and Use of Theories in Health Education and Health Promotion 143

What Are Theories? 143

Why Use Theories and Models? 144

How to Choose a Theory 144

Intrapersonal Theories 147

Stages of Change 147

Health Belief Model 148

Interpersonal Theories 149

Social Cognitive Theory 149

Stage Theory of Organization Change 151

Community Organization Theories 152

Other Theories 152

Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) 152

Summary 153

Further Reading 153

Chapter 7 Identifying and Writing Mission Statements, Goals, and Objectives 157

What Is a Mission Statement? 158

Program Philosophy as the Foundation of the Mission Statement 159

Developing a Mission Statement 160

Program Goals 162

Healthy People Goals 163

Professional Philosophies and Goals of Health Education 166

Objectives 167

Types of Objectives 167

Levels of Objectives 168

Developing an Objective 169

Summary 174

Chapter 8 Identifying Strategies and Activities 177

Interventions, Methods, and Strategies 179

General Intervention Considerations 180

Tailoring the Intervention 180

Cultural Appropriateness 181

Multiple Intelligences 181

Methods for Creating Change 182

Methods to Increase Knowledge 182

Methods to Change Attitudes 183

Methods to Change Social Influence 183

Some Common Methods for Building Skills and Self-Efficacy 183

Sources of Strategies and Activities 184

Benefits of Using Existing Materials or Curricula 186

Tailoring Lesson Instruction 186

Strategies for Health Education and Health Promotion 187

Summary 189

Chapter 9 Program Implementation 193

Summary 203

Chapter 10 Program Evaluation: Background and Basics 205

Types of Evaluation 207

Formative Evaluation 207

Summative Evaluation 207

Process Evaluation 207

Impact Evaluation 209

Outcome Evaluation 209

Conducting an Evaluation 209

Step 1 Engage Stakeholders 211

Step 2 Describe the Program 211

Step 3 Conceptualize the Evaluation 212

Step 4 Design the Evaluation 216

Step 5 Choose and Test the Instruments and Procedures 217

Step 6 Collect Evaluation Data 218

Step 7 Analyze and Report Data 219

Step 8 Make Changes to Your Program Based on the Data 220

Step 9 Evaluate Again 220

Evaluation Principles 220

Summary 221

Appendix 1 Social and Health Assessment Example: Cortland Counts 225

Appendix 2 Focus Group Materials Examples 229

Appendix 3 Examples of Informed Consent Materials 235

Appendix 4 Evaluation Structure and Design 239

Glossary 249

Index 257