Women In Public Administration: Theory And Practice Book

Foreword

About the Authors

Contributors

Preface

Introduction

Part I Theoretical Foundations

Chapter 1 Feminist Theories and Their Application to Public Administration Janet R. Hutchinson Hutchinson, Janet R. 3

Introduction 3

Theoretical Framework 3

Strategies for a Feminist PA 4

Foundational Theories of Feminism 5

The Feminist Project and PA 8

An Inclusive, Multigendered Administrative State 11

Summary 12

Discussion Questions 13

References 13

Chapter 2 Jane Addams' Theory of Democracy and Social Ethics: Incorporating a Feminist Perspective Patricia M. Shields Shields, Patricia M. 15

Introduction 15

Who is Jane Addams? 17

Jane Addams' Feminism: A Snapshot 18

Contemporary Relevance 19

Democracy 21

Social Ethics and the Social Claim 21

Role of Experience and the Situation 24

Sympathetic Understanding 25

Scientific Attitude (or Openness to Intellectually Honest Inquiry) 26

Dignity of the Everyday 28

Idealized Rule of Living 30

Conclusion 30

Discussion Questions 31

Notes 31

References 33

Chapter 3 A Theory of Difference Helisse Levine Levine, Helisse 35

Introduction 35

Background and Review of the Literature 36

Tensions Between Difference Theory and Western Imperialism 37

Universal Rights or Imperialist Feminism? 38

Conclusion 40

Discussion Questions 41

References 41

Part II Family-Friendly Policies and Practices

Chapter 4 Case Study: Female-Friendly Policies in the Academe Heather Wyatt-Nichol Wyatt-Nichol, Heather 45

Introduction 45

Gendered Public Administration 46

Role Conflict 48

Tenure Rates 49

Structural Inequality 49

Family-Friendly Policies 51

Parental Leave Beyond the Family and Medical Leave Act 54

Active Service-Modified Duties 55

Tenure Clock Stop 55

Child Care 56

Barrier of Organizational Culture 59

Recommendations 60

Support From Leadership 60

Support From Colleagues 61

Automatic Tenure Clock Stop 61

Greater Flexibility 61

Conclusion 62

Discussion Questions 62

References 63

Chapter 5 Research Productivity and Career Trajectories of Women in Public Administration Meghna Sabharwal Sabharwal, Meghna 67

Introduction 67

Faculty Research Productivity 68

Women Academics in PA and PP 69

Data and Findings 70

Overview of Personal and Work Characteristics of Faculty by Gender 71

Scholarly Productivity by Gender 75

Conclusion 75

Discussion Questions 77

Notes 77

References 78

Chapter 6 Family-Friendly Policies From Denmark: An International Perspective Lotte Bøgh Andersen Andersen, Lotte Bøgh 81

Introduction 81

Danish Researchers and Research Institutions 82

Gender and Individual Performance 83

Gender Diversity and Organizational Performance 84

Data and Methods 86

Results 87

Discussion 89

Conclusion 91

Discussion Questions 92

References 92

Chapter 7 (Un)intended Consequences of Family-Friendly Workplace Policies Sharon Mastracci Mastracci, Sharon 95

Introduction 95

Mixed Evidence of the Efficacy of "Family-Friendly" Policies 98

Access Versus Uptake 99

Evidence From the American Time use Survey 100

Results 104

Good or Good Enough? 105

Discussion Questions 106

References 106

Appendix 7-A Variable Means for Women Working in Federal Government or Private Sector 110

Part III Diversity, Ethics, and Law

Chapter 8 Women and the Law: Statutory and Constitutional Legal Frameworks for Gender Equality Shelly L. Peffer Peffer, Shelly L. 113

Introduction 113

Statutory Framework for Gender Equality 114

U.S. Constitutional Framework for Gender Equity 118

Future of Women's Rights and Gender Equity 121

Discussion Questions 122

References 122

Chapter 9 Minority Women and Public Administration Lia Abney Abney, Lia 125

Introduction 125

Representation of Minority Women 126

Emotional Labor 128

Challenges and Barriers for the Minority Women 130

Glass Ceiling 131

Equal Pay 132

Affirmative Action 133

Backlash to Affirmative Action 134

Affirmative Action and Education 134

Minority Women Trailblazers 136

Sojouner Truth 136

Viola O. Baskerville 137

Patricia Roberts Harris 137

Other Trailblazers 138

Conclusion 138

Discussion Questions 139

References 140

Chapter 10 Women in Public Administration: Sustainable Development and Social Justice Deniz Zeynep Leuenberger Leuenberger, Deniz Zeynep 141

Introduction 141

Public Administration and Sustainable Development Theory 142

Sustainable Development and Social Justice 142

Markets, Women's Labor, and Equity 144

Participation and the Democratic Process 145

Horizontal Hierarchy and Systems Theories 146

Conclusion 147

Discussion Questions 148

References 148

Chapter 11 Women in Public Budgeting and Financial Management John R. Bartle Bartle, John R. 151

Introduction 151

Evolving Role of Women in Public Budgeting and Financial Management: Three Indicators of Progress 152

Scholarship and Research 152

Participation in Professional Associations 157

Women as Practitioners and Leaders 159

Gender Budgeting: Women in Action 162

Brief History and Overview of GRB 162

Conclusion 165

Discussion Questions 166

Acknowledgments 166

Notes 166

References 167

Part IV Public Administration in Practice: Issues and Obstacles

Section A The Female Practitioner 169

Chapter 12 Municipal Clerks: A Female Perspective of Local Government Victoria Gordon Gordon, Victoria 171

Introduction 171

Role of the Clark: What are the Duties of Municipal Clerks? 173

Job Satisfaction 173

Meaning of Job Satisfaction 173

Private and Public Sector Employees 174

Model of Job Satisfaction 175

Research Questions 175

Factors of Job Satisfaction 176

Pay and Job Satisfaction 176

Resources and Job Satisfaction 177

Training and Job Satisfaction 177

Work Load and Job Satisfaction 177

Supervisors and Job Satisfaction 178

Espit de Corps and Job Satisfaction 178

Gender and Job Satisfaction 178

Age and Job Satisfaction 178

Job Level and Job Satisfaction 178

Education and Job Satisfaction 179

Survey 179

Measuring Factors 179

Perceptions of Municipal Clerks: Clerks Responses 179

Descriptions and Characteristics of Clerks 180

Job Satisfaction 181

Bivariate and Multivariate Results 183

What Can We Learn from the Survey Results? 183

Frustrations and Rewards 184

Conclusion 189

What More Can We Learn About Municipal Clerks and Job Satisfaction? 189

What Can Be Done to Improve Relationships with Muncipal Clerks? 189

Discussion Questions 190

References 190

Chapter 13 Women in Public Sector Unions: Opportunities and Obstacles on the Path to Activism and Leadership Patrice M. Mareschal Mareschal, Patrice M. 193

Climbing Through Windows in Public Administration and Public Sector Unions 193

Science Versus Democracy: Progressive Era Reforms and the Administrative State 194

Industrialization, Oppression, and the Emergence of the American Labor Movement: A Brief History 196

Public Sector Unions: Serving Workers, Serving Society 197

Constructing a Legal Framework for Public Sector Collective Bargaining 198

Union Density: A Reversal of Fortune in Public and Private Sectors 199

Confronting Obstacles in the House of Labor 200

Opportunities 202

Interviewing Three Daughters of the Dragon King 204

How Did They Become Active? 204

How Have They Overcome Obstacles and Challenges? 204

What are Their Greatest Accomplishments? 204

What is Most Rewarding About Their Jobs? 205

What Advice do They Have for Other Union Members? 205

Conclusion 205

Discussion Questions 207

References 208

Chapter 14 Women in the U.S. Military Randall D. Miller Miller, Randall D. 211

Introduction 211

Brief History 212

Military Women Today 220

Contemporary Challenges for Military Women and the U.S. Armed Services 221

Professional Opportunity 221

Sexual Harassment and Assault 221

Family Issues 223

Marriage and Ops Tempo 224

Dual-Service Couples 225

Single Parents 226

Challenges Facing Female Veterans 226

Conclusion 227

Discussion Questions 227

References 228

Chapter 15 The Pipeline and Women Practitioners J. L. Peters Peters, J. L. 231

Introduction 231

Looking at the Pipeline From Both Ends 232

Conclusion 235

Discussion Questions 235

Note 235

References 236

Section B The Female Manager 237

Chapter 16 Beating the Odds: Female Faculty, Students, and Administrators in Schools of Public Affairs Rachelle Brunn Brunn, Rachelle 239

Introduction 239

Women's Experience in Academia 240

Data and Methods 242

Students in Schools of Public Affairs 243

Public Affairs Faculty 243

Classroom Dynamics 244

Work-Family Conflicts 244

Mentorship 245

Conclusions and Recommendations 246

Discussion Questions 247

Notes 248

References 248

Chapter 17 In Their Own Words: Profiling Women Strategic Managers in Award-Winning Programs Kathryn Kloby Kloby, Kathryn 251

Introduction 251

State of Washington's GMAP and Performance Review 253

Leading the Way with Larisa Benson 254

Managing Change 255

Management Style 256

Gender and the Perceptions of Others 257

Balancing Personal and Professional Demands (or not) 257

Advice to New Professionals 258

Oregon Progress Board 258

Reflections of Former Executive Director Rita Conrad 259

Why the Work Matters 260

Management Style 260

Gender and the Perceptions of Others 261

Advice to New Professionals 262

Virginia Performs 262

Transcending Administrative Boundaries Jane Kusiak Kusiak, Jane 264

Management Style 264

Working at Arm's Length From Government 265

Strategic Challenges 266

Balancing Gender and Career Options 267

Advice for New Professionals 267

Conclusion 268

Discussion Questions 269

References 269

Chapter 18 Managing Gendered Politics in Careers: A Case of Women Managers in the Federal Government A. Carol Rusaw Rusaw, A. Carol 271

Introduction 271

Symbolic Interactionism 274

Method 275

Thematic Analysis 276

Political Games 276

Restrictive Organizational Cultures 277

Assignments of Limited Significance 277

High Pressure to Succeed 277

Nonrecognition as Professionals 278

Credibility 278

Positive Political Strategies 278

Turning Negative Conditions Into an Advantage 279

Enlisting Support 279

Cultivating Protectors and Allies 280

Findings 280

Conclusion 281

Discussion Questions 282

References 283

Chapter 19 Women and the Nonprofit Sector Renee Nank Nank, Renee 285

Introduction 285

Women in Nonprofit Organizations 287

Women and Associations: Historical Perspectives on Gender and the Sector 288

Onward: Current Issues and Future Trends for Women and the Nonprofit Sector 291

Leadership Gap Opportunity 291

Leadership Styles and Gender: Balancing Tensions or Disappearing the Feminine? 291

Discussion Questions 294

References 294

Part V The Future of Women in Public Administration

Chapter 20 In Search of a Middle Ground: Preachy, Screechy, and Angry Versus Soft, Sweet, and Compliant Mary E. Guy Guy, Mary E. 299

Introduction 299

The Difference that Gender Makes 302

Opportunity, Power, and Numbers 304

Conclusion 305

Discussion Questions 306

References 306

Chapter 21 Concluding Remarks Maria J. D'Agostino D'Agostino, Maria J. 309

References 310

Glossary 311

Index 323