CMOS IC Layout: Concepts, Methodologies, and Tools Book

	Preface	xi
	Acknowledgments	xvii
1	Introduction	1
1.1	History of the Profession	1
1.2	What Is Layout Design?	2
1.3	IC Design Flow	4
2	Schematic Fundamentals	7
2.1	The MOS Transistor: The Basic Circuit Structure	7
2.2	Logic Gates	10
2.3	Transmission Gates	16
2.4	Understanding the Schematic Connectivity	17
2.5	Review of Fundamental Electrical Laws	18
3	Layout Design	22
3.1	Introduction to CMOS VLSI Manufacturing Process	22
3.2	Layers and Connectivity	23
3.3	Introduction to Transistor Layout	28
3.4	Process Design Rules	35
3.5	Vertical Connection Diagram	41
3.6	A General Procedure to Follow	42
3.7	Preparing to Start	43
3.8	General Guidelines	50
3.9	Implementing the Design	59
3.10	Verification	63
3.11	Final Steps	65
4	Layout Design Flows	68
4.1	What Is a Flow?	68
4.2	Microprocessor Design Flow	71
4.3	ASSPs	73
4.4	Memories	77
4.5	System on a Chip, or SOC	78
4.6	CAD Tools as Part of a Flow	79
5	Advanced Techniques for Specialized Building-Block Layout Design	91
5.1	Standard Cell Libraries	91
5.2	Special Logic Cells	107
5.3	Pad Cells	114
5.4	Memory Design Leaf Cells	123
5.5	Laser Fuse Cells	129
5.6	Chip Finishing Cells	132
6	Advanced Techniques for Building-Block Interconnect Layout Design	137
6.1	Power Grid	138
6.2	Clock Signals	141
6.3	Interconnect Routing	143
7	Layout Design Techniques to Address Electrical Characteristics	154
7.1	Resistance	154
7.2	Capacitance	159
7.3	Symmetry	169
7.4	Special Electrical Requirements	175
8	Layout Considerations Due to Process Constraints	183
8.1	Wide Metal Slits	183
8.2	Large Metal via Implementations	186
8.3	Step Coverage Rules	187
8.4	Multiple Rule Sets	189
8.5	Antenna Rules	191
8.6	Special Design Rules	192
8.7	Latch-Up	194
9	Layout Design Techniques in an Uncertain Environment	201
9.1	Layout of Circuits Designed for Change	201
9.2	Planning for Unknown Changes	207
9.3	Engineering Change Orders	211
9.4	Guidelines for Proper Layout	213
10	Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Tools for Layout	216
10.1	Introduction	216
10.2	Planning Tools	219
10.3	Layout Generation Tools	224
10.4	Support Tools	236
	Appendices	245
	Index	257