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Thermochemical Processes Book

Thermochemical Processes
Thermochemical Processes, Today the study of materials is concerned with the underlying thermodynamic and chemical processes involved in the manufacture and processing of a wide range of materials - metals, ceramics, semi-conductors, plastics and composites.
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Thermochemical Processes, Today the study of materials is concerned with the underlying thermodynamic and chemical processes involved in the manufacture and processing of a wide range of materials - metals, ceramics, semi-conductors, plastics and composites. For the first time,, Thermochemical Processes
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  • Thermochemical Processes
  • Written by author C. B. Alcock
  • Published by Elsevier Science, December 2000
  • Today the study of materials is concerned with the underlying thermodynamic and chemical processes involved in the manufacture and processing of a wide range of materials - metals, ceramics, semi-conductors, plastics and composites. For the first time,
  • Today the study of materials is concerned with the underlying thermodynamic and chemical processes involved in the manufacture and processing of a wide range of materials - metals, ceramics, semi-conductors, plastics and composites. For the first time, th
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Prefacexi
Part 1Processes with gaseous reaction control1
1Vapour deposition processes3
Vapour deposition for the preparation of thin films3
Vapour pressure data for the elements4
The kinetic theory of a gas in a container4
Molecular effusion6
Vapour deposition of elements6
The deposition rate on a cool substrate8
Vapour deposition of alloys8
Vapour deposition of compounds10
Free evaporation coefficients of solids11
Other techniques for the preparation of thin films16
Single and epitaxial films in semiconducting systems16
Thin film production by the sputtering of metals17
The production of nanoparticles20
Coating with thin diamond films22
Plasma evaporation and pyrolysis of carbon to form Fullerenes23
Materials science and the formation of thin films24
The formation of nuclei from the vapour phase24
The formation of a film from nuclei28
Grain growth in the initial deposit30
Point defects in solids31
Edge and screw dislocations33
Interfacial energies in solid systems35
Bibliography38
AppendixVapour pressure data for the elements38
2Gaseous reaction kinetics and molecular decomposition42
Theories of reaction kinetics42
Thermal energies and the structures of molecules43
The collision theory of gaseous reactions45
Transition state theory of gaseous reactions47
Empirical estimates of the activation energy49
The order of chemical reactions50
Time dependence of the extent of reaction52
Chain reactions52
Combustion chain reactions53
Chain reactions in the combustion of gaseous fuels56
Fuel/air mixing in combustion systems58
The thermal efficiencies of combustion engines59
Bibliography62
Molecular dissociation and chain reactions in chemical vapour deposition62
Thermochemical data for the dissociation of gaseous molecules63
Bond character in gaseous heteronuclear compounds64
Hybridization of covalent bonds66
Bond energies of gaseous polyvalent metal halides67
Thermal decomposition of hydrides and organometallic compounds68
Bibliography71
Radiation and electron decomposition of molecules72
Photochemical reactions73
Dissociation cross-sections75
Substrate heating by transmitted radiation77
Radiation and convection cooling of the substrate82
Laser production of thin films82
Molecular decomposition in plasma systems84
Bibliography85
3Vapour phase transport processes86
Vapour transport processes86
Thermodynamics and the optimization of vapour phase transport86
The direction of vapour transport across a thermal gradient89
The choice of halogen in transport reactions91
The vapour phase refining and separation of metals91
The thermodynamics of the vapour phase transport of compounds93
Multicomponent thermodynamics in gaseous systems95
Sintering by vapour phase transport99
Grain growth by vapour phase transport100
Vapour transport in flowing systems102
Transport along a thermal gradient102
Mass transport across a flowing gas103
Material deposition from a flowing gas106
Transport and thermal properties of gases108
Equations of state for ideal and real gases112
Molecular interactions and the properties of real gases114
Bibliography117
4Heterogeneous gas-solid surface reactions118
The zeroth order reaction118
Adsorption of gases on solids119
Surface structures of catalytic materials124
Adsorption and the surface energies of metals125
Bond mechanisms of adsorbed molecules126
Supported metal catalysts128
Examples of industrially important catalysts129
Thermodynamics of the water--gas shift and steam reforming reactions129
Kinetic factors in steam reforming132
The Fischer-Tropsch production of organic molecules134
The production of ammonia from its elements136
The catalytic converter for automobile exhaust138
Catalysis by metal oxides140
Coupling reactions of methane142
Reactors for catalytic processes143
Bibliography145
Part 2Rate processes in the solid state147
5Electrical charge and heat transport in solids149
The transport of electrons and positive holes149
Metals and alloys149
Electromigration in alloys153
Elemental and compound semiconductors154
Metal oxides158
Thermal transport in condensed phases163
Heat capacities164
Thermal conductivity166
Bibliography169
6Rate processes in metals and alloys170
Structure and diffusion-controlled processes in metallic systems170
The structures of metals170
Volume diffusion in pure metals170
Diffusion in inter-metallic compounds176
Diffusion in alloys177
Steady state creep in metals180
Diffusion in interstitial solutions and compounds181
Phase transformations in alloys184
The decomposition of Austenite184
Transformations in substitutional alloys188
Order--disorder transformation189
The age-hardening of copper--aluminium alloys190
Spinodal decomposition of binary alloys190
Metals and alloys in nuclear power reactors194
Bibliography195
Grain boundary and surface-driven properties in metallic systems195
The measurement of the surface energies of metals196
Diffusion in grain boundaries and dislocations197
Surface diffusion on metals199
Powder metallurgy201
The production of metal powders201
The sintering of solid metal particles204
Hot pressing207
Ostwald ripening209
Grain growth in polycrystalline metals213
Processing of powders to form metallic articles214
Self-propagating combustion reactions216
Inter-diffusion and interaction in thin film microelectronic structures219
Bibliography221
7Rate processes in non-metallic systems223
Diffusion in elemental semiconductors223
Structures and diffusion in metal oxides224
The measurement of diffusion coefficients in simple oxides229
Surfaces and surface energies in ionic crystals232
Sintering of metal oxides233
The production and applications of ceramic oxide materials234
Electroceramic oxides236
Dielectric or ferroelectric oxides236
Magnetic oxides237
Solid electrolyte sensors and oxygen pumps239
Solid oxide fuel cells and membranes244
Ceramic superconductors247
The redistribution of fission products in UO[subscript 2] nuclear fuels249
Bibliography250
8Gas-solid reactions251
The oxidation of metals and compounds251
The parabolic rate law251
The linear and logarithmic rate laws252
Oxidation of metals forming more than one oxide253
The oxidation of nickel: volume and grain boundary diffusion254
The oxidation of silicon255
Complex oxide formation in the oxidation of alloys256
Internal oxidation of alloys257
The theory of the parabolic oxidation law260
The carburizing and oxidation of transition metals262
The oxidation of metallic carbides and silicides266
The oxidation of silicon carbide and nitride268
Bibliography269
9Laboratory studies of some important industrial reactions270
The reduction of haematite by hydrogen270
Erosion reactions of carbon by gases271
The combustion of coal273
The oxidation of FeS--parabolic to linear rate law transition274
Oxidation of complex sulphide ores--competitive oxidation of cations275
The kinetics of sulphation roasting276
Heat transfer in gas--solid reactions277
Industrial reactors for iron ore reduction to solid iron279
The industrial roasting of sulphides281
The corrosion of metals in multicomponent gases283
Bibliography285
AppendixThermodynamic data for the Gibbs energy of formation of metal oxides285
Part 3Processes involving liquids289
10Physical properties and applications of liquid metals291
The structures and mechanism of diffusion of liquid metals291
Thermophysical properties of liquid metals294
Viscosities of liquid metals294
Surface energies of liquid metals295
Thermal conductivity and heat capacity296
The production of metallic glasses297
Liquid metals in energy conversion300
Liquid phase sintering of refractory materials301
Bibliography304
The production of crystalline semiconductors304
Zone refining of semiconducting elements304
11Physical and chemical properties of glassy and liquid silicates307
Metal solubilities in silicate glasses310
The production of silicate glasses and glass-containing materials310
The production of porcelains311
Ceramic electrical insulators313
The production of glass-ceramics313
Cements314
Optical fibres315
Chalcogenide glasses315
Bibliography316
12The structures and thermophysical properties of molten salts317
Hot corrosion of metals by molten salts319
Molten carbonate fuel cells321
Bibliography322
13Extraction metallurgy323
The principles of metal extraction324
Metal--slag transfer of impurities324
The electron balance in slag--metal transfer327
Bubble formation during metal extraction processes328
The corrosion of refractories by liquid metals and slags329
Extractive processes330
The production of lead and zinc330
Co-production of lead and zinc in a shaft furnace332
The ironmaking blast furnace333
The reduction of stable oxides in carbon arc furnaces335
Steelmaking and copper production in pneumatic vessels337
Steel337
Copper339
The reduction of oxides and halides by reactive metals341
Magnesium341
Chromium342
Manganese343
Heat losses in crucible reactions344
Zirconium345
Uranium346
The electrolysis of molten salts347
Magnesium347
Sodium347
Aluminium348
Refractory metals349
Bibliography349
14The refining of metals351
The effect of slag composition on impurity transfer351
The thermodynamics of dilute solutions354
The refining of lead and zinc356
The separation of zinc and cadmium by distillation357
De-oxidation of steels360
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Thermochemical Processes, Today the study of materials is concerned with the underlying thermodynamic and chemical processes involved in the manufacture and processing of a wide range of materials - metals, ceramics, semi-conductors, plastics and composites.
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Thermochemical Processes, Today the study of materials is concerned with the underlying thermodynamic and chemical processes involved in the manufacture and processing of a wide range of materials - metals, ceramics, semi-conductors, plastics and composites.
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