| Preface | xi |
Part 1 | Processes with gaseous reaction control | 1 |
1 | Vapour deposition processes | 3 |
| Vapour deposition for the preparation of thin films | 3 |
| Vapour pressure data for the elements | 4 |
| The kinetic theory of a gas in a container | 4 |
| Molecular effusion | 6 |
| Vapour deposition of elements | 6 |
| The deposition rate on a cool substrate | 8 |
| Vapour deposition of alloys | 8 |
| Vapour deposition of compounds | 10 |
| Free evaporation coefficients of solids | 11 |
| Other techniques for the preparation of thin films | 16 |
| Single and epitaxial films in semiconducting systems | 16 |
| Thin film production by the sputtering of metals | 17 |
| The production of nanoparticles | 20 |
| Coating with thin diamond films | 22 |
| Plasma evaporation and pyrolysis of carbon to form Fullerenes | 23 |
| Materials science and the formation of thin films | 24 |
| The formation of nuclei from the vapour phase | 24 |
| The formation of a film from nuclei | 28 |
| Grain growth in the initial deposit | 30 |
| Point defects in solids | 31 |
| Edge and screw dislocations | 33 |
| Interfacial energies in solid systems | 35 |
| Bibliography | 38 |
Appendix | Vapour pressure data for the elements | 38 |
2 | Gaseous reaction kinetics and molecular decomposition | 42 |
| Theories of reaction kinetics | 42 |
| Thermal energies and the structures of molecules | 43 |
| The collision theory of gaseous reactions | 45 |
| Transition state theory of gaseous reactions | 47 |
| Empirical estimates of the activation energy | 49 |
| The order of chemical reactions | 50 |
| Time dependence of the extent of reaction | 52 |
| Chain reactions | 52 |
| Combustion chain reactions | 53 |
| Chain reactions in the combustion of gaseous fuels | 56 |
| Fuel/air mixing in combustion systems | 58 |
| The thermal efficiencies of combustion engines | 59 |
| Bibliography | 62 |
| Molecular dissociation and chain reactions in chemical vapour deposition | 62 |
| Thermochemical data for the dissociation of gaseous molecules | 63 |
| Bond character in gaseous heteronuclear compounds | 64 |
| Hybridization of covalent bonds | 66 |
| Bond energies of gaseous polyvalent metal halides | 67 |
| Thermal decomposition of hydrides and organometallic compounds | 68 |
| Bibliography | 71 |
| Radiation and electron decomposition of molecules | 72 |
| Photochemical reactions | 73 |
| Dissociation cross-sections | 75 |
| Substrate heating by transmitted radiation | 77 |
| Radiation and convection cooling of the substrate | 82 |
| Laser production of thin films | 82 |
| Molecular decomposition in plasma systems | 84 |
| Bibliography | 85 |
3 | Vapour phase transport processes | 86 |
| Vapour transport processes | 86 |
| Thermodynamics and the optimization of vapour phase transport | 86 |
| The direction of vapour transport across a thermal gradient | 89 |
| The choice of halogen in transport reactions | 91 |
| The vapour phase refining and separation of metals | 91 |
| The thermodynamics of the vapour phase transport of compounds | 93 |
| Multicomponent thermodynamics in gaseous systems | 95 |
| Sintering by vapour phase transport | 99 |
| Grain growth by vapour phase transport | 100 |
| Vapour transport in flowing systems | 102 |
| Transport along a thermal gradient | 102 |
| Mass transport across a flowing gas | 103 |
| Material deposition from a flowing gas | 106 |
| Transport and thermal properties of gases | 108 |
| Equations of state for ideal and real gases | 112 |
| Molecular interactions and the properties of real gases | 114 |
| Bibliography | 117 |
4 | Heterogeneous gas-solid surface reactions | 118 |
| The zeroth order reaction | 118 |
| Adsorption of gases on solids | 119 |
| Surface structures of catalytic materials | 124 |
| Adsorption and the surface energies of metals | 125 |
| Bond mechanisms of adsorbed molecules | 126 |
| Supported metal catalysts | 128 |
| Examples of industrially important catalysts | 129 |
| Thermodynamics of the water--gas shift and steam reforming reactions | 129 |
| Kinetic factors in steam reforming | 132 |
| The Fischer-Tropsch production of organic molecules | 134 |
| The production of ammonia from its elements | 136 |
| The catalytic converter for automobile exhaust | 138 |
| Catalysis by metal oxides | 140 |
| Coupling reactions of methane | 142 |
| Reactors for catalytic processes | 143 |
| Bibliography | 145 |
Part 2 | Rate processes in the solid state | 147 |
5 | Electrical charge and heat transport in solids | 149 |
| The transport of electrons and positive holes | 149 |
| Metals and alloys | 149 |
| Electromigration in alloys | 153 |
| Elemental and compound semiconductors | 154 |
| Metal oxides | 158 |
| Thermal transport in condensed phases | 163 |
| Heat capacities | 164 |
| Thermal conductivity | 166 |
| Bibliography | 169 |
6 | Rate processes in metals and alloys | 170 |
| Structure and diffusion-controlled processes in metallic systems | 170 |
| The structures of metals | 170 |
| Volume diffusion in pure metals | 170 |
| Diffusion in inter-metallic compounds | 176 |
| Diffusion in alloys | 177 |
| Steady state creep in metals | 180 |
| Diffusion in interstitial solutions and compounds | 181 |
| Phase transformations in alloys | 184 |
| The decomposition of Austenite | 184 |
| Transformations in substitutional alloys | 188 |
| Order--disorder transformation | 189 |
| The age-hardening of copper--aluminium alloys | 190 |
| Spinodal decomposition of binary alloys | 190 |
| Metals and alloys in nuclear power reactors | 194 |
| Bibliography | 195 |
| Grain boundary and surface-driven properties in metallic systems | 195 |
| The measurement of the surface energies of metals | 196 |
| Diffusion in grain boundaries and dislocations | 197 |
| Surface diffusion on metals | 199 |
| Powder metallurgy | 201 |
| The production of metal powders | 201 |
| The sintering of solid metal particles | 204 |
| Hot pressing | 207 |
| Ostwald ripening | 209 |
| Grain growth in polycrystalline metals | 213 |
| Processing of powders to form metallic articles | 214 |
| Self-propagating combustion reactions | 216 |
| Inter-diffusion and interaction in thin film microelectronic structures | 219 |
| Bibliography | 221 |
7 | Rate processes in non-metallic systems | 223 |
| Diffusion in elemental semiconductors | 223 |
| Structures and diffusion in metal oxides | 224 |
| The measurement of diffusion coefficients in simple oxides | 229 |
| Surfaces and surface energies in ionic crystals | 232 |
| Sintering of metal oxides | 233 |
| The production and applications of ceramic oxide materials | 234 |
| Electroceramic oxides | 236 |
| Dielectric or ferroelectric oxides | 236 |
| Magnetic oxides | 237 |
| Solid electrolyte sensors and oxygen pumps | 239 |
| Solid oxide fuel cells and membranes | 244 |
| Ceramic superconductors | 247 |
| The redistribution of fission products in UO[subscript 2] nuclear fuels | 249 |
| Bibliography | 250 |
8 | Gas-solid reactions | 251 |
| The oxidation of metals and compounds | 251 |
| The parabolic rate law | 251 |
| The linear and logarithmic rate laws | 252 |
| Oxidation of metals forming more than one oxide | 253 |
| The oxidation of nickel: volume and grain boundary diffusion | 254 |
| The oxidation of silicon | 255 |
| Complex oxide formation in the oxidation of alloys | 256 |
| Internal oxidation of alloys | 257 |
| The theory of the parabolic oxidation law | 260 |
| The carburizing and oxidation of transition metals | 262 |
| The oxidation of metallic carbides and silicides | 266 |
| The oxidation of silicon carbide and nitride | 268 |
| Bibliography | 269 |
9 | Laboratory studies of some important industrial reactions | 270 |
| The reduction of haematite by hydrogen | 270 |
| Erosion reactions of carbon by gases | 271 |
| The combustion of coal | 273 |
| The oxidation of FeS--parabolic to linear rate law transition | 274 |
| Oxidation of complex sulphide ores--competitive oxidation of cations | 275 |
| The kinetics of sulphation roasting | 276 |
| Heat transfer in gas--solid reactions | 277 |
| Industrial reactors for iron ore reduction to solid iron | 279 |
| The industrial roasting of sulphides | 281 |
| The corrosion of metals in multicomponent gases | 283 |
| Bibliography | 285 |
Appendix | Thermodynamic data for the Gibbs energy of formation of metal oxides | 285 |
Part 3 | Processes involving liquids | 289 |
10 | Physical properties and applications of liquid metals | 291 |
| The structures and mechanism of diffusion of liquid metals | 291 |
| Thermophysical properties of liquid metals | 294 |
| Viscosities of liquid metals | 294 |
| Surface energies of liquid metals | 295 |
| Thermal conductivity and heat capacity | 296 |
| The production of metallic glasses | 297 |
| Liquid metals in energy conversion | 300 |
| Liquid phase sintering of refractory materials | 301 |
| Bibliography | 304 |
| The production of crystalline semiconductors | 304 |
| Zone refining of semiconducting elements | 304 |
11 | Physical and chemical properties of glassy and liquid silicates | 307 |
| Metal solubilities in silicate glasses | 310 |
| The production of silicate glasses and glass-containing materials | 310 |
| The production of porcelains | 311 |
| Ceramic electrical insulators | 313 |
| The production of glass-ceramics | 313 |
| Cements | 314 |
| Optical fibres | 315 |
| Chalcogenide glasses | 315 |
| Bibliography | 316 |
12 | The structures and thermophysical properties of molten salts | 317 |
| Hot corrosion of metals by molten salts | 319 |
| Molten carbonate fuel cells | 321 |
| Bibliography | 322 |
13 | Extraction metallurgy | 323 |
| The principles of metal extraction | 324 |
| Metal--slag transfer of impurities | 324 |
| The electron balance in slag--metal transfer | 327 |
| Bubble formation during metal extraction processes | 328 |
| The corrosion of refractories by liquid metals and slags | 329 |
| Extractive processes | 330 |
| The production of lead and zinc | 330 |
| Co-production of lead and zinc in a shaft furnace | 332 |
| The ironmaking blast furnace | 333 |
| The reduction of stable oxides in carbon arc furnaces | 335 |
| Steelmaking and copper production in pneumatic vessels | 337 |
| Steel | 337 |
| Copper | 339 |
| The reduction of oxides and halides by reactive metals | 341 |
| Magnesium | 341 |
| Chromium | 342 |
| Manganese | 343 |
| Heat losses in crucible reactions | 344 |
| Zirconium | 345 |
| Uranium | 346 |
| The electrolysis of molten salts | 347 |
| Magnesium | 347 |
| Sodium | 347 |
| Aluminium | 348 |
| Refractory metals | 349 |
| Bibliography | 349 |
14 | The refining of metals | 351 |
| The effect of slag composition on impurity transfer | 351 |
| The thermodynamics of dilute solutions | 354 |
| The refining of lead and zinc | 356 |
| The separation of zinc and cadmium by distillation | 357 |
| De-oxidation of steels | 360 |
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Thermochemical Processes, Today the study of materials is concerned with the underlying thermodynamic and chemical processes involved in the manufacture and processing of a wide range of materials - metals, ceramics, semi-conductors, plastics and composites.
For the first time,, Thermochemical Processes to your collection on WonderClub
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