Metabolic Regulation in Mammals Book

	Biographical sketches
	Series editor's preface
	Preface
	Acknowledgments
	Introduction	1
1.1	Evolution of synthetic systems	1
1.2	Hierarchies of biomolecules	6
1.3	Membranes of animal cells	13
1.4	Coupled reactions	14
1.5	Enzyme catalysis	15
1.6	Steady-state turnover	17
1.7	The animal organism	18
	Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions	23
2.1	Energetics of chemical reactions	23
2.2	Coenzymes	26
2.3	Multienzyme pathways	30
2.4	Catalysis	32
2.5	Kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions	33
	Regulatory Mechanisms	41
3.1	Introduction: levels of control	41
3.2	Cell-to-cell communication elicits specialized cellular responses	42
3.3	The specific signal-response connection	46
3.4	Intracellular signal transduction from receptors to target proteins	46
3.5	Signal-response to beta-adrenergic hormones	48
3.6	Glucagon signal pathway	54
3.7	Insulin signal pathway	57
3.8	Functional target proteins	63
3.9	Additional signal transduction systems	73
4	Nutrient Homeostasis	81
4.1	Introduction	81
4.2	Digestion and distribution of exogenous nutrients	83
4.3	Flows of nutrients among tissues in well-fed and starvation states	87
4.4	Quality of nutrients	93
4.5	Metabolic demand	93
4.6	Circadian clocks	94
5	The Red Blood Cell	98
5.1	Cell structure	98
5.2	Dissipative systems	100
5.3	Cellular homeostasis	102
5.4	Glycolysis	103
5.5	Homeostasis of electrolytes	108
5.6	Replacement synthesis of cellular components	110
5.7	Maintenance of reductive status	112
5.8	Support of cellular homeostasis by the organism	113
5.9	Specialized function of the RBC	115
6	Muscle Metabolism	123
6.1	Introduction	123
6.2	Glycolysis, glycogenolysis and glycogenesis	124
6.3	Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate	128
6.4	The citric acid cycle	131
6.5	Electron transport	134
6.6	Oxidative phosphorylation	135
6.7	Fatty acid oxidation	138
6.8	Regulation of fuel selection in various metabolic states	140
6.9	Mitochondria and oxygen toxicity	152
7	Adipose Tissue Metabolism	156
7.1	Introduction	156
7.2	Synthesis of TG and fatty acids	161
7.3	Control of metabolic flux	164
7.4	Coordinate induction and repression of lipogenic enzymes	165
7.5	Reversible phosphorylation	167
7.6	Allosteric feedback	170
7.7	Hormone-sensitive lipase	170
7.8	Negative feedback by leptin: lipostatic control	170
8	Liver Metabolism	177
8.1	Introduction	177
8.2	Regulation of liver metabolic processes in the well-fed state	180
8.3	Regulation of liver metabolic processes in the starved state	189
8.4	Urea synthesis and its control	196
8.5	Cholesterol metabolism and its control	199
	Answers to questions	213
	Index	221