Population Geography: Tools and Issues Book

Acknowledgments xi

List of Figures and Tables xiii

Population Geography: An Introduction 1

What is Population Geography and Why Study It? 3

What Is the Geographical Perspective? 5

Current Research Themes and Contributions of Population Geographers 7

Overview of the Book 9

Focus: The Importance of Spatial Scale 9

Methods, Measures, and Tools: Tools of the Population Geographer 11

Chapter 1 World Population 15

A Brief History of World Population Growth 15

The Demographic Transition 18

Future Population Scenarios: Who Gains and Who Loses? 21

Conclusion 28

Foctts: Population Growth Regimes in India, Germany, and the United States 28

Methods, Measures, and Tools: Graphical Representation 31

Methods, Measures, and Tools: Population Estimates and Projections 35

Chapter 2 Population Data 41

What Is a Population? 42

Types of Data 43

Data Sources 44

Data Quality 48

Conclusion 50

Focus: Census Data and the ACS 50

Methods, Measures, and Tools: Working with Data 53

Chapter 3 Population Distribution and Composition 59

Population Distribution 59

Population Composition 61

Conclusion 69

Focus: The Changing Face of the US Population 69

Methods, Measures, and Tools: Life Tables 72

Chapter 4 Fertility 77

Fertility Patterns 77

Wiuit Determines Fertility? 79

Fertility Levels: Too High or Too Low? 84

Africa's Fertility Transition? 87

Women's Reproductive Health 89

Conclusion 90

Focus: Contrasting Fertility Rates and Choices in North America and Uganda 91

Methods, Measures, and Tools: Measuring Fertility 93

Chapter 5 Mortality 95

Mortality Transitions 96

Differences inMortality 98

Infecticms and Parasitic Diseases (IPDs) 103

HIV/AIDS 106

Conclusion: The Future of Mortality 116

Foctts: Mortality Differences-The United States, Mexico, and Zimbabwe 119

Methods, Measures, and Tools: Measuring Mortality 122

Chapter 6 Internal Migration 125

Defining Migration 126

Wizy Do People Migrate? 128

Tlieories of Internal Migration 130

Migrant Selectivity and Migrant Characteristics 137

The Migration Process 139

Conclusion 141

Focus: Contemporary Internal Population Movement in the United States 141

Methods, Measures, and Tools: Measuring Migration 145

Chapter 7 International Migration Flows: Immigrants and Transnational Migrants 147

Major International Flows 148

Theories of Immigration 149

The Impacts of Immigration 151

Immigration Policy 154

Transnational Migrants 168

Conclusion 168

Focus: The "Immigration Gap" 169

Methods, Measures, and Tools: Counting Immigrants, Illegal Immigrants, and Emigrants 170

Chapter 8 Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons 173

Defining Refugees 173

Alternatives for Refugees: No Easy Way Home 176

Internally Displaced Persons 180

The Future of Refugees and IDPs 181

Conclusion 185

Focus: The United States: Welcoming Refugees? 185

Methods, Measures, and Tools: Counting Refugees and IDPs 190

Chapter 9 Urbanization 191

Defining Urban and Urbanization 192

A Brief History of Urbanization 192

The Growth of Modern Cities 195

Implications of Urban Growth 203

Conchision 203

Focus: Planning for Growth 204

Methods, Measures, and Tools: Defining "Urban" across Countries 207

Chapter 10 Population Policies 209

Immigration Policy 210

Internal Migration 212

Fertility Policies 213

Economic Policy as Population Policies 217

The Role of the International Community: Conflicting Messages 218

Conclusion 220

Foctts: Population Planning in Selected Regions 221

Methods, Measures, and Tools: Pass or Fail? Evaluating Population Policies 225

Chapter 11 Population Growth: Linking to Economic Development, Resource Scarcity, and Food Security 227

Thomas Malthus and "Essay on the Principle of Population" 228

Setting the Stage: The Debate and Current Perspectives 228

Linking to Economic Development, Resource Scarcity, and Food Security 232

Conclusion: The Potential for Conflict? 238

Focus; Resource Conflict 240

Methods, Measures, and Tools: What Have Geographers Contributed to the Debate? 244

Conclusion: Doing Population Geography 247

Marketing 248

Population Projections: Health Care, Education, and Transportation 249

Political Planning 251

Conclusion 251

Glossary of Key Terms and Acronyms 253

Population Websites 259

Notes 267

Index 305

About the Author 309