The Lumber Spine: Two Volum Set Book

	Historical Perspective of Lumbar Spine Surgery	1
	Magnitude of the Problem	8
	Epidemiology of Disc Disease	16
	Future of Low Back Pain	28
	Developmental to Normal Adult Anatomy	43
	The Three Joint Complex	52
	Clinically Relevant Anatomy	57
	Neurophysiologic Basis of Low Back Pain	74
	History Taking and Physical Examination: Identification of Syndromes of Back Pain	85
	Pain Patterns and Diagnostic Blocks	105
	Etiology of Sciatic Pain and Mechanisms of Nerve Root Compression	123
	Clinical Neurophysiology and Electrodiagnostic Testing in Low Back Pain	141
	Biomechanical Analyses of Loads on the Lumbar Spine	163
	Effects of Repeated Loads and Vibration	181
	Degeneration, Injury, and Spinal Instability	203
	Biomechanics of Thoracolumbar Spine Stabilization	212
	Occupational Biomechanics	235
	Lumbosacral Orthosis	251
	Function of the Spine from an Evolutionary Perspective	259
	Disc Biochemistry in Relation to Function	271
	Biochemistry and Histology of the Intervertebral Disc: Animal Models of Disc Degeneration	281
	Nutritional and Pathophysiologic Aspects of the Lumbar Intervertebral Disc	285
	Biochemistry and Cell Biology of the Intervertebral Disc: Aging Versus Degeneration	310
	Imaging Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine	317
	Plain Films of the Lumbar Spine	333
	Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Lumbar Spine	353
	Myelography and Computed Tomography of the Lumbar Spine	376
	Discography	428
	Reproducibility and Accuracy of Lumbar Spine Imaging Studies	434
	Lumbar Spine Algorithm	447
	Lumbar Disc Degeneration: Normal Aging or a Disease Process?	458
	Natural History and Clinical Role of the Herniated Disc	473
	Surgical Indications and Techniques	492
	Alternative Techniques for Disc Decompression: Percutaneous Discectomy and Chemonucleolysis	524
	Facet Syndrome	538
	Evaluation and Treatment of Sacroiliac Dysfunction	559
	Pelvic Visceral Dysfunction - Cauda Equina Syndrome	569
	Controversies in Cauda Equina Syndrome and Lumbar Disc Herniation	582
	Lumbar Spine Fusion: Different Types and Indications	588
	Classification, Diagnosis, and Natural History	621
	Comprehensive Nonoperative Care of Lytic Spondylolisthesis: Principles and Practice	654
	Operative Treatment: Children and Adolescents	669
	Surgical Treatment of Isthmic and Dysplastic Spondylolisthesis in the Adult	684
	Surgical Treatment of Adult Degenerative Spondylolisthesis	700
	Development of the Vertebral Canal	711
	Pathophysiology of Neurogenic Claudication	717
	Classification and Treatment of Spinal Stenosis	724
	History and Classification of Spinal Stenosis	724
	Clinical, Radiologic, and Electrodiagnostic Diagnosis of Degenerative Lumbar Stenosis	731
	Surgery for Spinal Stenosis	737
	Role of Arthrodesis	757
	Long-Term Results	766
	Inflammatory Spondyloarthropathies	797
	Fibrosis, Chronic Inflammation, and Vascular Damage in Mechanical Back Pain Syndromes	812
	Pyogenic and Tuberculous Infections	874
	Iatrogenic Discitis	899
	Education and Training	989
	Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy for Low Back Pain: Toward a Better Understanding	998
	Manipulation of the Lumbar Spine	1012
	Psychologic Approaches to the Management and Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain	1018
	Functional Restoration for the Patient with Chronic Low Back Pain	1042
	Risk Factors	1065
	Trunk Performance, Strength, and Endurance: Measurement Techniques and Applications	1074
	Evaluation and Decision-Making	1118
	Assessment and Treatment	1130
	Biomechanics of Transpedicle Spine Fixation	1177
	Complications of Transpedicle Spine Fixation	1203
	Internal Fixation: Indications, Technique, and Results	1216
	Laminectomies	1230
	Anterior Surgical Approach to the Thoracolumbar, Lumbar, and Lumbosacral Spine	1252
	Anterior Extraperitoneal Lumbar Discectomy Without Fusion	1271
	Biology of Lumbar Spine Fusion and Bone Graft Materials	1284
	Fusion: Its Current and Future Place in the Degenerative Lumbar Spine	1307
	Present Role of Lumbar Spine Fusion	1307
	Future of Spine Fusion	1309
	Index