Navigation Book

Introduction     8
The Map     14
What is a map?     16
Types of map     17
Grid References: Describing Position     24
Map Reading and Map Interpretation     31
Conventional Signs: Using the Layer System     35
Layer 1: Symbols for things that aren't there     40
Layer 2: Area symbols     43
Layer 3: Pinpoint features     45
Layer 4: Linear symbols     49
Layer 5: Contour lines     55
Scale: Working out Size and Distance     67
Setting the Map: Holding the Picture the Right Way Up     74
Seeing the Landscape: Building the Picture in Layers     82
The Compass     98
Coping with Poor Visibility     100
Types of Compass     103
Button and pocket compasses     104
Protractor compasses     104
Sighting compasses     108
Getting the right balance     109
Electronic and digital compasses     111
GPS compasses     111
Bearings: Invisible Lines     113
Grid bearings: invisible lines on the map     114
Magnetic variation: map to ground to map     119
Magnetic bearings: invisible lines on the ground     122
Putting it all Together     124
Following bearings: spotting and leapfrogging     126
More about setting the map     134
Additional Techniques     138
Estimating Time: How Long Will it Take?     140
Estimating Distance: How Far Have I Travelled?     145
More about Bearings     151
Using back bearings: walking on to a bearing     151
Avoiding obstacles: boxing and dog-legging     153
Crossing the line: using linear features     159
Making life easy: aiming off     163
Making life difficult: resections     166
Useful information: aspect of slope     168
Using physical waypoints     170
Attack Points and Handrails     171
Improvised Direction Finding     176
Stellar navigation     178
Solar navigation     178
Using and abusing GPS     179
Route Selection     187
Route planning     187
Route finding     189
Route cards     191
Difficult Situations     196
Featureless terrain     197
Night navigation      199
Winter conditions     202
Ridgeline scrambling     205
Traversing: following contours     211
So You Think You're Lost?     214
KISS: Keeping It Short and Simple     216
Your Eyes Can Lie!     221
Searches     224
Line search     225
Rotational sweep search     225
Expanding spiral search     228
Other considerations     230
The Art of Relocation     231
And Finally...     247
Practical Exercise Answer     249
Index     253