The Roman near East 31 BC-AD 337 Book

Preface


Abbreviations

1. Prologue: In Search of the Orient

I. Empire

2. The Bridgehead and the Dependent Kingdoms, 31 BC-AD 74


2.1. From the Battle of Actium to the Death of Herod the Great


2.2. From the Death of Herod the Great to the End of Tiberius' Reign


2.3. From the Reign of Gaius to the Outbreak of the Jewish War


2.4. The Jewish War and Its Aftermath

3. Imperialism and Expansion, AD 74-195


3.1. Vespasian: A New Near Eastern Empire


3.2. Trajan : Expansion and Rearrangement in the Southern Near East


3.3. The Roman Presence, AD 114-161


3.4. Emperors and Pretenders in the Near East from Lucius Verus to Septimius Severus: The Conquest of Mesopotamia

4. Rome And Mesopotamia: From Parthia To Persia


4.1. The Severan Near East as a Military Structure


4.2. Emperors on Campaign, from Caracalla to Philip the Arab Shapur's Invasions and the Empire of Palmyra, AD 252-273

5. The Tetrarchy and Constantine


5.1. The Tetrarchy: Persian Wars and Fortified Lines


5.2. The Near East in the Tetrarchic Empire, AD 284-312


5.3. Licinius and Constantine, AD 313-337: Retrospect from a Christianised Empire

II. Regions and Communities

6. Communal and Cultural Identities

7. The Tetrapolis and Northern Syria


7.1. The Geographical Context


7.2. Local Cult-Centres: Hierapolis and Doliche


7.3. Villages and Rural Temples


7.4. The Major Cities: Apamea

8. The Phoenician Coast and ItsHinterland


8.1. History and Geography


8.2. Phoenicia: The Southern Region


8.3. The Northern Coastline and Its Hinterland


8.4. The Major Cities: Byblos and Berytus


8.5. Sidon and Tyre

9. Eastern Syria Phoenice: Mountain, Oasis and Steppe


9.1. Geographical Connections


9.2. Emesa and Elagabal


9.3. Damascus and Its Region Palmyra

10. From Judaea to Syria Palaestina


10.1. History, Religion and Geography


10.2. Judaea before the First Revolt


10.3. From the First Jewish Revolt to the Second


10.4. Syria Palaestina

11. Arabia


11.1. Regions and Cultures


11.2. The Kingdom of Nabataea


11.3. The Decapolis in the First Century


11.4. The New Province of Arabia


11.5. The Nomadic Presence

12. The Euphrates and Mesopotamia


12.1. Geography, Culture and Language


12.2. Dura-Europos in the Parthian Period


12.3. The Middle Euphrates and the Coming of Rome


12.4. Roman Dura-Europos


12.5. Edessa as a Kingdom and Roman Colony until the Middle of the Third Century


12.6. Social and Religious Currents in the Fourth Century

13. Epilogue: East and West


13.1. East?


13.2. West?

Appendix A. The Inscriptions of the Tetrarchic Land-Surveyors


Appendix B. Documents from the Bar Kochba War


Appendix C. Materials for the History of Roman Edessa and Osrhoene, AD 163-337


Maps


I. The Near East: Areas Covered by Maps II-XII


II. The Roman Near East: Main Sites and Geographical Features


III. Northwestern Syria and Mount Amanus


IV. The Phoenician Coast and Western Syria Phoenice


V. The Central Syrian Steppe, Pabnyra and the Euphrates


VI. Judaea/Syria Palaestina, Western Arabia


VII. Southeastern Syria Phoenice, Northern Arabia


VIII. Petra and South-Central Arabia


IX. Arabia, with Sinai, the Red Sea and the Hedjaz


X. Eastern Syria, the Euphrates and Western Mesopotamia


XI. Central Mesopotamia and Mons Masius


XII. The Eastern Syrian Steppe and the Middle Euphrates

General Index


Index of Literary Sources


Index of Documents