Exemptions and Fair Use in Copyright: The Exclusive Rights Tensions in the 1976 Copyright Act Book

Introduction

I. The Nature of the Copyright Scheme

A. The Basic Tensions

B. The Meaning of the Constitutional Copyright Clause: The Primary Balancing

C. The Traditional Statutory Design

II. The Elements of Fair Use

A. The Section 107 Approach

B. The Traditional Fair Use Configuration

C. The Confusion of Photocopying Exemptions with Fair Use

D. A Dual-Risk Approach to Fair Use Analysis

E. The Intrinsic Use Question

F. The Dual-Risk Approach Applied

III. Exemptions from Copyright

A. A Rationale of Exemptions

B. The Exemptions in the New Copyright Act

1. Exemptions for Copying and Recording

2. Exemptions for Performances and Displays

3. Other Copying and Performing Exceptions

C. Analysis of Exceptions from "Exclusive Rights" Controls in the New Copyright Act

1. Classfication of Exceptions: Technological or Public Policy

2. Technological Exceptions

3. Public Policy Exceptions

IV. The Photocopying Adjustments in Copyright Scheme Dynamics

A. "Obtaining" a Copy

B. "Fair Price"

C. "Later Use" Liability

D. "Contractual Obligations"

E. "Direct or Indirect Commercial Advantage"

F. Photocopying Prices: The Open Question

V. A Functional Approach to Statutory Adjustments in the Copyright Scheme

A. Accommodating a Governmentally Introduced Imbalance: The Public Lending Right Scheme

B. Accommodating a Technologically Impelled Imbalance: The Three Faces of the Photocopying Problem

1. Interlibrary Transactions Involving Photocopying

2. The Compelled Alternatives for the Accommodation of Photocopying in the Copyright Scheme

C. The Copyright Scheme and the New Copyright Act: Some Final Thoughts

Appendix A. Copyright Act of 1976

Appendix B. Committee Reports on Section 107, Fair Use

(1) House Committee Report

(2) Senate Committee Report

Appendix C. Committee Reports on Section 108, Reproduction by Libraries and Archives

(1) House Committee Report

(2) Senate Committee Report

(3) Conference Report

Appendix D. 1965 Supplementary Report of the Register of Copyrights on the General Revision of the U.S. Copyright Law

Appendix E. 1935 "Gentlemen's Agreement"

Cases Cited

Index