Intellectuals in the Middle Ages Book

	List of Plates
	Preface
	Translator's note
	Introduction	1
1	The Twelfth Century: The Birth of the Intellectuals	5
	Urban renaissance and the birth of the intellectual in the twelfth century	5
	Was there a Carolingian renaissance?	7
	Twelfth-century modernity: The ancients and the moderns	9
	The Greco-Arab contribution	14
	The translators	15
	Paris: Babylon or Jerusalem?	20
	The Goliards	24
	Intellectual vagabondage	25
	Immoralism	27
	Criticism of society	29
	Abelard	35
	Heloise	38
	Women and marriage in the twelfth century	39
	New battles	41
	St Bernard and Abelard	43
	The logician	45
	The moralist	45
	The humanist	47
	Chartres and the chartrian spirit	48
	Chartrian naturalism	50
	Chartrian humanism	52
	Man/microcosm	55
	The factory and "homo faber"	57
	Intellectual figures	58
	Chartrian influence	59
	The intellectual worker and the urban workplace	61
	Research and teaching	62
	Tools	63
2	The Thirteenth Century: Maturity and its Problems	65
	Profile of the thirteenth century	65
	Against ecclesiastical powers	66
	Against lay powers	67
	The support and control of the Papacy	69
	Internal contradictions of the university corporation	72
	Organization of the university corporation	73
	The organization of studies	75
	Programs of study	76
	Exams	77
	The moral and religious climate	79
	University piety	80
	The tools of the trade	82
	The book as instrument	83
	The scholastic method	86
	Vocabulary	86
	Dialectics	87
	Authority	87
	Reason: Theology as "science"	88
	The exercises: Questio, disputatio, quodlibetica	89
	Contradictions - how to live: salary of benefice?	93
	The quarrel between the secular masters and the mendicant orders	97
	The contradictions of scholasticism: The danger of imitating the ancients	104
	The temptations of naturalism	105
	The difficult balance of faith and reason: Aristotelianism and averroism	107
	The relationship between reason and experience	114
	The relationship between theory and practice	116
3	From Academic to Humanist	119
	The decline of the middle ages	119
	The evolution of the lives of academics	121
	Toward a hereditary aristocracy	124
	The colleges and the ennobling of the universities	128
	The evolution of scholasticism	129
	The divorce between reason and faith	130
	The limits of experimental science	133
	Anti-intellectualism	135
	The nationalization of universities: The new university geography	138
	Academics and politics	142
	The first national university: Prague	145
	Paris: The grandeur and weakness of university politics	148
	The sclerosis of scholasticism	150
	Academics open up to humanism	154
	The return to poetry and mysticism	158
	Concerning Aristotle: The return to beautiful language	159
	The aristocratic humanist	161
	The return to the countryside	163
	The break between knowledge and teaching	165
	Bibliography and Further Reading	167
	Index	187