Writing, Reading, and Research Book

	To the Instructor	xi
Part I	Writing, Reading, and Research	1
1	Introduction to Writing, Reading, and Research	3
	Writing	4
	Writing Habits and Strategies	5
	Audience and Purpose	8
	Prewriting	15
	The First Draft	20
	Peer Review	27
	Rewriting	28
	Editing and Proofreading	30
	Discovering Your Own Writing Rules	30
	Reading	31
	Interpreting Reading	31
	Responding to Reading	34
	Reading Response Groups	37
	Freewriting	37
	Research	44
	Reading Selection: "The Holly Pageant,"	46
	Freewriting	50
	Group Work	51
	Review Questions	51
	Discussion Questions	51
	Writing	51
	About the Rest of This Book	52
2	Strategies for Reading	53
	Interpretation	53
	Context	55
	Strategies for Understanding	57
	Prereading Strategies	58
	Sources of Information	58
	Textual Clues	62
	Transitions	64
	Reading with a Pencil	66
	Annotating and Underlining for Recall	67
	Annotating to Stimulate Response	72
	Keeping a Reading Journal	77
	Reading Selection: "Buffaloed: Was the Native American Always Nature's Friend?"	81
	Freewriting	85
	Group Work	85
	Review Questions	86
	Discussion Questions	86
	Writing	86
3	Writing a Paraphrase	87
	Paraphrase as a Reading Strategy	87
	Using Paraphrase in Writing	89
	Paraphrasing for a Different Audience	90
	Paraphrasing an Argument	99
	Paraphrasing in Research Papers	102
	Reading Selection: "On the Fringe,"	105
	Freewriting	114
	Group Work	114
	Review Questions	114
	Discussion Questions	114
	Writing	114
4	Reading for the Main Idea	117
	General and Specific Statements	117
	Deductive and Inductive Organization	119
	Thesis Statements and Topic Sentences	121
	Identifying Topic Sentences	122
	Restating the Main Idea	123
	Paragraphs with Implied Main Ideas	124
	Discovering Implications	127
	A Further Comment on Paragraphs	129
	Reading Selection: "An Enduring Hoax: H. L. Menken's Fraudulent History of the White House Bathtub,"	131
	Freewriting	138
	Group Work	138
	Review Questions	138
	Discussion Questions	139
	Writing	139
5	Writing a Summary	141
	Summary and Paraphrase	142
	Writing Summaries	144
	A Process for Summarizing Longer Passages	144
	Uses of Summary	149
	Summarizing an Argument	150
	Summarizing in Research Papers	151
	Reading Selection: "Class Struggle: Poor, Black, and Smart, an Inner-City Teen Tries to Survive at MIT"	156
	Freewriting	163
	Group Work	164
	Review Questions	164
	Discussion Questions	164
	Writing	164
6	Synthesizing Sources: Writing a Summary Report	166
	Writing a Brief Summary Report	166
	Writing an Objective Report on Sources	180
	Acknowledging Sources--The Obligation of Scholarship	187
	The List of Works Cited	188
	Parenthetical Notes	191
	Reading Selections
	"Wipe Off That Milk Mustache"	193
	"Ad Nauseum"	194
	"School Daze: Today's Kids Not Only Take Advertising's Presence in Their Classrooms for Granted, They Actually Like It"	196
	Freewriting	198
	Group Work	198
	Review Questions	198
	Discussion Questions	198
	Writing	198
7	Analytical Reading and Writing	199
	Analyzing the Parts	200
	Purpose	201
	Audience	204
	Main Idea	210
	Development	212
	Organization and Coherence	216
	Writing a Brief Reading Analysis	220
	Reading Selection: "Classroom Cheating a Serious Problem"	226
	Freewriting	227
	Group Work	228
	Review Questions	228
	Discussion Questions	228
	Writing	228
8	Beginning a Research Project	230
	The Research Paper	230
	Primary and Secondary Research	231
	Benefits of Doing Research	232
	Learning an Essential Skill	232
	Contributing to Scholarship	233
	Gaining Personal Knowledge	233
	The Research Process	234
	A Research Assignment	235
	The Finished Product	237
	A Sample Standard Research Paper	237
	A Sample Personal Research Paper	247
	Your Research Schedule: Planning in Advance	262
	The Benefits of Word Processing	263
	A Research Notebook	264
	Your Research Topic	265
	Generating Ideas	266
	Brainstorming	266
	Developing an Idea: Clustering	271
9	Tools for Finding Sources	275
	Beginning Your Research	275
	Your Campus Library	276
	Electronic Resources	276
	Networks	277
	Using Your Library's Research Tools	278
	Finding Books and Other Library Holdings	279
	Encyclopedias and Other General Reference Works	283
	Finding Articles: Magazines, Journals, and Newspapers	284
	Locating Periodicals	284
	Microforms	285
	Library Vandalism--A Crime against Scholarship	285
	Using Electronic Databases	285
	A Sample Search for Periodical Sources	286
	Finding Government Documents	293
	Internet Resources	295
	Web Search Engines	295
	The Reference Librarian--The Most Resourceful Resource	297
10	Finding Sources Outside the Library: Conducting Interviews and Writing Letters	298
	Interviewing Sources	298
	Arranging the Interview	299
	Conducting the Interview	300
	Writing for Information	302
	Still Other Sources	303
11	Putting Your Sources to Work	305
	A Research Prospectus	305
	The Working Bibliography	309
	Using Your Written Sources	310
	Reading Your Source	311
	Evaluating Your Sources	312
	Narrowing Your Paper's Focus	314
	Formulating and Refining a Plan	315
	Taking Notes on Note Cards	317
	Avoiding Plagiarism	320
12	Reporting on Sources: Paraphrase and Quotation	325
	The Conventions of Reporting	326
	Options for Presenting Sources	326
	Acknowledging Sources	328
	Relying on Experts	330
	Paraphrasing Sources	331
	Quoting Sources	333
	Punctuating Quotations	333
	Altering Quotations	340
	When to Quote and When to Paraphrase	345
	A Further Note on Plagiarism	350
	Practice with Using Sources	351
	Writing a Brief Objective Research Essay	351
	Writing a Brief Subjective Research Essay	357
13	Writing and Revising the Research Paper	359
	Getting Organized	359
	Formulating a Thesis Statement	359
	Sorting Your Note Cards	361
	Updating Your Outline	363
	Writing the First Good Draft	363
	Research Writing: General Guidelines	363
	Some Practical Writing Tips	366
	Getting Started	367
	Writing the Opening	368
	Writing the Conclusion	371
	Giving Your Paper a Title	372
	Editing and Revising	372
	Reworking Your Paper	373
	Checklist for Editing and Revising	373
	Getting Advice from Other Readers	376
	Typing and Proofreading Your Polished Draft	394
14	Argument: Reading, Writing, and Research	396
	Emotional Appeal	396
	Logical Argument	398
	Balanced, Credible Argument	402
	Informal Analysis of Arguments	403
	Writing a Critique of an Argument	409
	Procedure for Writing a Critique	409
	Writing an Argumentative Research Essay	423
	Purpose	423
	Thesis	424
	Audience	424
	Persona	425
	Evidence	425
	Opposition	426
	Organization	426
	A Sample Argumentative Research Paper	427
Part II	Research Paper Reference Handbook	439
A	List of Works Cited (MLA Format)	441
	Bibliographic Formats	441
	General Guidelines--MLA Format	442
	Citing Electronic Sources	443
	Model Entries--MLA Format	444
	Sources in Books	444
	Sources in Periodicals and Newspapers	451
	Other Sources	456
B	Parenthetical Notes (MLA Format)	461
	Types of Notes	461
	Parenthetical Notes	463
	Some Special Cases	464
	When Are Notes Needed?	470
	How Many Notes Are Enough?	472
	How Much Material Can One Note Cover?	474
	Information Footnotes	475
C	Research Paper Format (MLA Style)	477
	Format for Your Polished Draft	477
	Format for Computer-Printed or Typed Papers	478
	Format for Handwritten Papers	486
	A Formal Outline	488
	Standard Numbering System	491
	Decimal System	492
	Topic and Sentence Outlines	494
D	Footnotes and Endnotes	495
	Sample Footnotes and Endnotes	495
	Sources in Books	495
	Sources in Periodicals and Newspapers	502
	Other Sources	505
E	APA Format	507
	Formats Other Than MLA	507
	APA Style	507
	APA Bibliographic Citations (Reference List)	508
	Model Entries	508
	Notes in APA Style	513
	Sample Pages in APA style	514
F	Format Featuring Numbered References	517
	Index	521